Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a potentially lethal condition that is induced by the abnormal accumulation of unfolded or misfolded secretory proteins in the ER. In eukaryotes, ER stress is managed by the unfolded protein response (UPR) through a tightly regulated, yet highly dynamic, reprogramming of gene transcription. Although the core principles of the UPR are similar across eukaryotes, unique features of the plant UPR reflect the adaptability of plants to their ever-changing environments and the need to balance the demands of growth and development with the response to environmental stressors. The past decades have seen notable progress in understanding the mechanisms underlying ER stress sensing and signalling transduction pathways, implicating the UPR in the effects of physiological and induced ER stress on plant growth and crop yield. Facilitated by sequencing technologies and advances in genetic and genomic resources, recent efforts have driven the discovery of transcriptional regulators and elucidated the mechanisms that mediate the dynamic and precise gene regulation in response to ER stress at the systems level.

内质网 (ER) 应激是一种潜在的致命疾病，是由内质网中未折叠或错误折叠的分泌蛋白异常积累引起的。在真核生物中，内质网应激是由未折叠蛋白反应（UPR）通过严格调控但高度动态的基因转录重编程来控制的。尽管真核生物中 UPR 的核心原理相似，但植物 UPR 的独特特征反映了植物对其不断变化的环境的适应性以及平衡生长和发育的需求与对环境压力的响应的需要。过去几十年来，在理解 ER 胁迫感知和信号转导途径的机制方面取得了显着进展，这表明 UPR 与生理和诱导 ER 胁迫对植物生长和作物产量的影响有关。在测序技术以及遗传和基因组资源进步的推动下，最近的努力推动了转录调节因子的发现，并阐明了在系统水平上介导动态和精确的基因调控以应对内质网应激的机制。