Background: Denmark and Sweden index their statutory retirement ages to life expectancy. When lifespan increases, so does retirement age. This policy does not consider demographic heterogeneity in life expectancy, e.g., between migrants and non-migrants, posing possible issues for pension policies that index retirement age to life expectancy. Objective: To understand how mortality inequalities between migrants and non-migrants interact with the indexation of statutory retirement age in Denmark and Sweden. Methods: We used Danish and Swedish registry data from 1988–2018, and included individuals aged 50+. Migrants were classified as European-born or non-European-born. We calculated the probability of dying before retirement age, remaining life expectancy at retirement age, lifespan inequalities after retirement age, and the likelihood that a non-migrant would outlive a migrant. We also classified the Danish-born population into four income levels and compared them to migrant groups. Results: Non-European-born migrants had the survival advantage in both countries, but equal or higher lifespan inequality at retirement. Sweden had a proportionally larger migrant population, but Denmark’s was more diverse. The probability that a non-migrant would outsurvive a migrant was 40%–50% in both countries. Conclusions: The healthy migrant effect was observed in both Denmark and Sweden. Despite mortality advantages, migrants do not contribute to increasing life expectancy in Denmark or Sweden. Contribution: This study contributes to the literature on mortality differences between migrants and non-migrants in Scandinavia. The novel contributions of this paper are the consideration of the socioeconomic status of non-migrants in Denmark, and the calculation of probabilities that migrants will outsurvive non-migrants, all within the context of pension policy.

中文翻译：

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丹麦和瑞典移民和非移民退休年龄时的死亡率不平等（作者：Julia Callaway、Cosmo Strozza、Sven Drefahl、Eleonora Mussino、Ilya Kashnitsky）

背景：丹麦和瑞典将法定退休年龄与预期寿命挂钩。当寿命增加时，退休年龄也会增加。该政策没有考虑预期寿命的人口异质性，例如移民和非移民之间的异质性，这给将退休年龄与预期寿命挂钩的养老金政策带来了可能的问题。目标：了解丹麦和瑞典移民和非移民之间的死亡率不平等如何与法定退休年龄指数化相互作用。方法：我们使用 1988 年至 2018 年的丹麦和瑞典登记数据，并纳入 50 岁以上的个人。移民被分为欧洲出生的或非欧洲出生的。我们计算了退休年龄前死亡的概率、退休年龄时的剩余预期寿命、退休年龄后的寿命不平等以及非移民比移民寿命更长的可能性。我们还将丹麦出生的人口分为四个收入水平，并将他们与移民群体进行比较。结果：非欧洲出生的移民在这两个国家都具有生存优势，但退休时的寿命不平等相同或更高。瑞典的移民人口比例较高，但丹麦的移民人口更加多元化。在这两个国家，非移民比移民存活下来的概率均为 40% 至 50%。结论：丹麦和瑞典都观察到了健康移民效应。尽管死亡率有优势，但移民并没有为丹麦或瑞典预期寿命的延长做出贡献。贡献：这项研究为有关斯堪的纳维亚半岛移民和非移民之间死亡率差异的文献做出了贡献。本文的新颖贡献是考虑了丹麦非移民的社会经济地位，并计算了移民比非移民生存的概率，所有这些都在养老金政策的背景下进行。