Aim The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of strabismus and nystagmus and to analyse associated factors in preterm and full-term infants in adulthood. Methods The Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study is a retrospective cohort study with a prospective ophthalmological examination of participants born preterm and full-term (aged 18–52 years). Perinatal data were carefully assessed for risk factors and comprehensive ophthalmological examinations were conducted. The association between strabismus and nystagmus was assessed by analysing 16 different perinatal and actual risk factors in multivariable analysis. Participants were grouped into full-term controls (gestational age (GA) at birth ≥37 weeks), preterm participants without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and GA 33–36 weeks (group 2), GA 29–32 weeks (group 3), GA ≤28 weeks (group 4), non-treated ROP (group 5) and treated ROP (group 6). Results In total, 892 eyes of 450 preterm and full-term individuals (mean age: 28.6 years, SD: ± 8.6 years, 251 females) were included. Strabismus was observed in 2.1% (3/140), 6.6% (9/137), 17.4% (16/92), 11.1% (2/18), 27.1% (13/48) and 60% (9/15) of participants and nystagmus in 0.7% (1/140), 1.5% (2/137), 4.3% (4/92), 5.6% (1/18), 10.4% (5/48) and 26.7% (4/15) of participants in the respective groups. In the multivariable regression model, strabismus was associated with GA (OR=0.90; p=0.046), anisometropia ≥1.5 diopter (OR=3.87; p=0.003), hypermetropia ≥2 diopter (OR=9.89; p<0.001) and astigmatism ≥1.5 diopter (OR=2.73; p=0.017). Esotropia was more frequent than exotropia and hypermetropia/hypometropia. Most strabismus cases occurred within the first 10 years of life. The strongest predictor associated with nystagmus was perinatal adverse events (OR=15.8; p=0.002). Conclusion Low GA and refraction of the eye are independent risk factors for strabismus, which typically occurs in the first 10 years of life. Perinatal adverse events are the most important factors for the presence of nystagmus in adulthood. Data are available upon reasonable request. Access to data, responsibility and analysis: AF had full access to all the study data and takes responsibility for the data integrity and the accuracy of the data analysis. Statistical analyses were performed by AF. The analysis presents the clinical data of a cohort. This project constitutes a major scientific effort with high methodological standards and detailed guidelines for analysis and publication to ensure scientific analyses are on the highest level, therefore, data are not made available for the scientific community outside the established and controlled workflows and algorithms. To meet the general idea of verification and reproducibility of scientific findings, we offer access to data at the local database upon request at any time. Interested researchers should make their requests to the coordinating PI of the GPES (Achim Fieß; achim.fiess@unimedizin-mainz.de). More detailed contact information is available at the homepages of the UM (www.unimedizin-mainz.de).

中文翻译：

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患有或不患有早产儿视网膜病变的早产成人的斜视患病率和危险因素：古腾堡早产儿眼科研究的结果

目的 本研究的目的是评估早产儿和足月儿成年后斜视和眼球震颤的患病率并分析相关因素。方法 古腾堡早产眼科研究是一项回顾性队列研究，对早产和足月参与者（18-52 岁）进行前瞻性眼科检查。仔细评估围产期数据的危险因素，并进行全面的眼科检查。通过多变量分析中 16 个不同的围产期和实际危险因素来评估斜视和眼球震颤之间的关联。参与者被分为足月对照（出生时胎龄 (GA) ≥ 37 周）、不患有早产儿视网膜病变 (ROP) 的早产参与者和 GA 33-36 周（第 2 组）、GA 29-32 周（第 3 组） ，GA ≤ 28 周（第 4 组），未治疗的 ROP（第 5 组）和治疗的 ROP（第 6 组）。结果 总共纳入了 450 名早产者和足月者的 892 只眼睛（平均年龄：28.6 岁，SD：± 8.6 岁，251 名女性）。斜视的比例为 2.1% (3/140)、6.6% (9/137)、17.4% (16/92)、11.1% (2/18)、27.1% (13/48) 和 60% (9/15) ）的参与者和眼球震颤分别为 0.7% (1/140)、1.5% (2/137)、4.3% (4/92)、5.6% (1/18)、10.4% (5/48) 和 26.7% (4 /15) 各组的参与者。在多变量回归模型中，斜视与 GA (OR=0.90; p=0.046)、屈光参差 ≥1.5 屈光度 (OR=3.87; p=0.003)、远视 ≥2 屈光度 (OR=9.89; p<0.001) 和散光相关≥1.5 屈光度（OR=2.73；p=0.017）。内斜视比外斜视和远视/近视眼更常见。大多数斜视病例发生在出生后 10 年内。与眼球震颤相关的最强预测因子是围产期不良事件（OR=15.8；p=0.002）。结论 低 GA 和眼睛屈光度是斜视的独立危险因素，斜视通常发生在生命的最初 10 年内。围产期不良事件是成年后出现眼球震颤的最重要因素。数据可根据合理要求提供。数据访问、责任和分析：AF 拥有所有研究数据的完全访问权限，并对数据完整性和数据分析的准确性负责。通过AF进行统计分析。该分析提供了队列的临床数据。该项目是一项重大科学工作，具有高方法标准和详细的分析和出版指南，以确保科学分析处于最高水平，因此，在既定和受控的工作流程和算法之外，不会向科学界提供数据。为了满足科学发现的验证和可重复性的总体理念，我们可以根据要求随时提供对本地数据库数据的访问。有兴趣的研究人员应向 GPES 的协调 PI 提出请求（Achim Fieß；achim.fiess@unimedizin-mainz.de）。