As urbanization expands, it is becoming increasingly important to understand how anthropogenic activity is affecting ecological and evolutionary processes. Few studies have examined how human social patterns within cities can modify eco‐evolutionary dynamics. We tested how socioeconomic variation corresponds with changes in trophic interactions and natural selection on prey phenotypes using the classic interaction between goldenrod gall flies (Eurosta solidaginis) and their natural enemies: birds, beetles, and parasitoid wasps. We sampled galls from 84 sites across neighbourhoods with varying socioeconomic levels, and quantified the frequency of predation/parasitism on flies and natural selection by each enemy. We found that bird predation was higher in the highest income neighbourhoods, increasing the strength of selection for smaller galls. Wasp and beetle attack, but not their strength of selection, increased in lower income neighbourhoods. We show that socioeconomic variation in cities can have strong unintended consequences for the ecology and evolution of trophic interactions.

中文翻译：

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城市社会经济变化影响生态和营养相互作用的演化

随着城市化的扩展，了解人类活动如何影响生态和进化过程变得越来越重要。很少有研究探讨城市内人类社会模式如何改变生态进化动态。我们使用黄花瘿蝇之间的经典相互作用测试了社会经济变化如何与营养相互作用和猎物表型自然选择的变化相对应。欧洲一枝黄花菜）及其天敌：鸟类、甲虫和寄生黄蜂。我们从不同社会经济水平的社区的 84 个地点采集了虫瘿样本，并量化了苍蝇捕食/寄生的频率以及每种天敌的自然选择。我们发现，在收入最高的社区，鸟类的捕食程度更高，这增加了对较小虫瘿的选择力度。在低收入社区，黄蜂和甲虫的攻击有所增加，但它们的选择强度却没有增加。我们表明，城市的社会经济变化可能会对生态和营养相互作用的进化产生强烈的意想不到的影响。