This study investigates the incidence and clearance of cervical and anal high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) compared to immunocompetent controls. During 2016-2017, we enrolled 125 female KTRs and 125 female controls. Liquid-based cervical and anal cytology samples collected at enrollment and follow-up were tested for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA using the CLART HPV2 test. All participants answered a questionnaire on lifestyle and sexual behavior at both examinations. KTRs had an increased age-adjusted risk of incident cervical hrHPV infection compared to controls (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.2-11.2). Probability of cervical hrHPV clearance at 18 months was lower among KTRs (8.3%) than controls (66.7%). There was no statistically significant difference in anal hrHPV incidence between KTRs and controls (HR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.4-2.0). Clearance of anal hrHPV was similar between KTRs and controls at 18 months. During the total follow-up, a lower anal hrHPV clearance, although not statistically significant, was observed among KTRs (HR = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.06-1.2). KTRs had higher incidence of cervical hrHPV and lower probability of clearance, especially of cervical hrHPV infections, than controls. Our findings support that KTRs are at increased risk of HPV infection and point to the need for targeted HPV prevention strategies, such as cervical cancer screening.

中文翻译：

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肾移植受者宫颈和肛门高危人乳头瘤病毒的发病率和清除率：丹麦前瞻性临床研究的结果

本研究调查了肾移植受者 (KTR) 与免疫功能正常的对照组相比，宫颈和肛门高危人乳头瘤病毒 (hrHPV) 感染的发生率和清除率。 2016-2017 年间，我们招募了 125 名女性 KTR 和 125 名女性对照。使用 CLART HPV2 测试对入组和随访时收集的液基宫颈和肛门细胞学样本进行人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) DNA 检测。所有参与者在两次检查中都回答了有关生活方式和性行为的调查问卷。与对照组相比，KTR 发生宫颈 hrHPV 感染的年龄调整风险增加（风险比 [HR] = 3.6，95% CI = 1.2-11.2）。 KTR 中 18 个月时宫颈 hrHPV 清除率 (8.3%) 低于对照组 (66.7%)。 KTR 和对照之间肛门 hrHPV 发病率没有统计学显着差异（HR = 0.9，95% CI = 0.4-2.0）。 18 个月时，KTR 和对照之间肛门 hrHPV 的清除率相似。在总随访期间，KTR 中观察到肛门 hrHPV 清除率较低，尽管没有统计学意义（HR = 0.3，95% CI = 0.06-1.2）。与对照组相比，KTR 的宫颈 hrHPV 发生率较高，清除率较低，尤其是宫颈 hrHPV 感染。我们的研究结果支持 KTR 感染 HPV 的风险增加，并指出需要有针对性的 HPV 预防策略，例如宫颈癌筛查。