Cities have different benefits and risks, but are often stressful environments to live in. Everyday contact with nearby nature can be a crucial way to alleviate stress and increase the well-being of citizens. However, there is still limited evidence on how nature-health benefits vary according to the type and quality of natural environments. This study integrated multiple landscape and soundscape objective and perceived assessments to examine stress recovery in different types of neighbourhood nature. We used a field randomised experiment (n=45) to analyse effects of various random and fixed factors on restoration including: environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, wind, air quality), personal characteristics (e.g. age, gender, perceived health, nature connectedness), presence of other people and environmental quality (e.g. Perceived Environmental Aesthetic Qualities Scale and Perceived Sound Affective Quality scale). We found that physiological and psychological restoration is significantly greater in sites with higher visual (% visual natural elements) and acoustic (Normalized Difference Soundscape Index (NDSI)) naturalness i.e. the beach and forest, compared to the urban park (control site). Perceived landscape and soundscape quality were strongly associated with stress recovery, and these results were more pronounced for the soundscape. This highlights that soundscape quality assessments deserve more systematic attention in urban green infrastructure research and planning. Finally, we found important early evidence of reduction in Electrodermal activity (EDA) only within 3 minutes of nature exposure especially in the forest.

中文翻译：

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景观和声景质量促进附近城市自然的压力恢复：多感官现场实验

城市有不同的好处和风险，但居住环境往往充满压力。每天与附近的大自然接触可能是缓解压力和增加公民福祉的重要方式。然而，关于自然健康益处如何根据自然环境的类型和质量而变化的证据仍然有限。这项研究整合了多种景观和声景的客观和感知评估，以检查不同类型的邻里自然环境中的压力恢复。我们使用现场随机实验（n=45）来分析各种随机和固定因素对恢复的影响，包括：环境条件（例如温度、风、空气质量）、个人特征（例如年龄、性别、感知健康、自然联系） 、其他人的存在和环境质量（例如感知环境美学质量量表和感知声音情感质量量表）。我们发现，与城市公园（对照地点）相比，在视觉（%视觉自然元素）和听觉（归一化差异声景指数（NDSI））自然度较高的地点（即海滩和森林），生理和心理恢复明显更好。感知的景观和声景质量与压力恢复密切相关，这些结果对于声景更为明显。这凸显出声景质量评估值得在城市绿色基础设施研究和规划中得到更加系统的关注。最后，我们发现了重要的早期证据，表明皮肤电活动 (EDA) 仅在暴露于自然环境（尤其是在森林中）3 分钟内减少。