In this work, we studied the impact of a Mg–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheet formulation—nanoparticles recently recommended for the industry owing to their use as a carrier for the controlled delivery of agrochemicals. The prepared Mg–Al LDH had a lateral size close to 35 nm, a positively charged surface (+34.6 mV), and a flake-like shape. Its potential toxicity in plants was evaluated in protoplasts from Arabidopsis thaliana and on the leaves of A. thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum using leaf infiltration assays. Furthermore, the toxicity of the nanoparticles was evaluated in Botrytis cinerea and Trichoderma atroviride, two fungal organisms commonly present in agricultural contexts. The results indicate that the Mg–Al LDH is not toxic for protoplasts within the tested range (0–1000 ng μL⁻¹), with some cell death associated with an osmotic/ionic strength effect. Moreover, leaf infiltration assays did not show damage after 48 h treatment. Finally, the nanoparticles did not affect the growth rate of the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea up to 750 ng μL⁻¹, while the plant growth-promoting and bio-controller fungi Trichoderma atroviride showed an increase in its growth rate at all the tested concentrations, particularly over 250 ng μL⁻¹. Together, these results indicate that the concentrations of the Mg–Al LDH employed in this work are not toxic and could be utilized in agriculture as a carrier for agrochemicals. Further studies should be performed to unravel any potential toxicity of nanoparticles, and this research strongly contributes to uncovering any potential toxicity of Mg–Al LDH for agriculture.

中文翻译：

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Mg-Al LDH 纳米片作为农业纳米技术工具：探索性毒性评估研究

在这项工作中，我们研究了 Mg-Al 层状双氢氧化物 (LDH) 纳米片配方的影响，这种纳米颗粒最近被推荐用于行业，因为它们用作农用化学品受控输送的载体。制备的 Mg-Al LDH 横向尺寸接近 35 nm，表面带正电（+34.6 mV），形状呈片状。使用叶渗透测定在拟南芥原生质体以及拟南芥和番茄叶上评估了其在植物中的潜在毒性。此外，在灰葡萄孢和深绿木霉（农业环境中常见的两种真菌生物）中评估了纳米颗粒的毒性。结果表明，在测试范围（0-1000 ng μL ^-1）内，Mg-Al LDH 对原生质体没有毒性，一些细胞死亡与渗透/离子强度效应相关。此外，处理 48 小时后，叶子渗透测定并未显示出损害。最后，纳米粒子在高达750 ng μL ^{-1 的}浓度下不会影响病原真菌灰葡萄孢的生长速率，而植物生长促进和生物防治真菌黑绿木霉在所有测试浓度下均显示出其生长速率的增加，特别是超过250 ng μL ^-1。总之，这些结果表明，本研究中使用的 Mg-Al LDH 浓度无毒，可在农业中用作农用化学品的载体。应该进行进一步的研究来揭示纳米颗粒的任何潜在毒性，这项研究极大地有助于揭示 Mg-Al LDH 对农业的任何潜在毒性。