BackgroundPrevious research has shown a significant link between gut microbiota in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, much remains unknown because of the heterogeneity of disorders and the potential confounders such as dietary patterns and control group variations.MethodsChildren aged 6–12 years who had been clinically diagnosed with ASD and/or ADHD, their unaffected neurotypical siblings, and non‐related neurotypical volunteers were recruited cross‐sectionally. The ASD diagnosis was confirmed using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule‐2 (ADOS‐2) in all patients, including those with ADHD. Standardized DNA extraction and sequencing methods were used to compare gut microbial alpha‐diversity among the groups. Dietary diversity was calculated from a standardized dietary questionnaire form. We compared the difference in gut microbiome between patients with ASD and/or ADHD with neurotypical siblings and non‐related neurotypical controls.ResultsNinety‐eight subjects were included in the study (18 with ASD, 19 with ADHD, 20 with both ASD and ADHD, 13 neurotypical siblings, and 28 non‐related neurotypical controls). The alpha‐diversity indices, such as Chao 1 and Shannon index, showed a significant difference between the groups in a Linear mixed‐effect model (F(4, 93) = 4.539, p = .02), (F(4, 93) = 3.185, p = .017), respectively. In a post‐hoc pairwise comparison, patients with ASD had lower alpha‐diversity compared with non‐related controls after Bonferroni correction. Dietary diversity shown in Shannon index did not differ among the groups (F(4, 84) = 1.494, p = .211).ConclusionsOur study indicates disorder‐specific microbiome differences in patients with ASD. In future research on gut microbiota in neurodevelopmental disorders, it is necessary to consider the impact of ASD and ADHD co‐occurrence, and strictly control for background information such as diet, to elucidate the gut–microbiota interaction in ASD and ADHD for exploring the potential of therapeutic interventions.

中文翻译：

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一项关于自闭症谱系障碍、注意力缺陷多动障碍儿童、他们的神经典型兄弟姐妹和非相关神经典型志愿者饮食多样性和肠道微生物多样性的比较研究：一项横断面研究

背景先前的研究表明，自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）和注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）儿童的肠道微生物群之间存在显着联系。然而，由于疾病的异质性以及潜在的混杂因素（例如饮食模式和对照组差异），许多事情仍然未知。方法临床诊断患有 ASD 和/或多动症的 6-12 岁儿童、他们未受影响的神经典型兄弟姐妹以及非横断面招募相关神经典型志愿者。所有患者（包括 ADHD 患者）均使用自闭症诊断观察表 2 (ADOS-2) 确认了 ASD 诊断。使用标准化 DNA 提取和测序方法来比较各组之间的肠道微生物 α 多样性。膳食多样性是根据标准化膳食调查表计算得出的。我们比较了患有 ASD 和/或 ADHD 的患者与神经典型兄弟姐妹和非相关神经典型对照之间肠道微生物组的差异。结果本研究纳入了 98 名受试者（18 名患有 ASD，19 名患有 ADHD，20 名同时患有 ASD 和 ADHD， 13 个神经典型的兄弟姐妹，以及 28 个不相关的神经典型对照）。 α 多样性指数，例如 Chao 1 和 Shannon 指数，在线性混合效应模型中显示各组之间存在显着差异（F(4, 93) = 4.539,p= .02), (F(4, 93) = 3.185,p= .017) 分别。在事后配对比较中，经过 Bonferroni 校正后，与非相关对照相比，自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 患者的 α 多样性较低。香农指数显示的膳食多样性在各组之间没有差异（F(4, 84) = 1.494,p= .211）。结论我们的研究表明自闭症谱系障碍患者中疾病特异性微生物组的差异。在未来的神经发育障碍肠道菌群研究中，有必要考虑ASD和ADHD同时发生的影响，并严格控制饮食等背景信息，阐明ASD和ADHD中肠道菌群的相互作用，以探索潜在的可能性。的治疗干预措施。