Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently the most popular energy storage devices. However, the essential elements for commercial LIBs, i.e., lithium, cobalt, and nickel, are scarce, leading to an increase in cost, which together with the environmental concerns results in concern for future energy storage and calls for large-scale post-LIBs, including Na-, K-, Ca-, Mg-, Zn-, Al-, and dual-ion batteries. However, these post-LIBs are facing challenges in storage of either large-sized (Na-, K-, Ca-ions, anions) or high-charge-density multivalent (Ca-, Mg-, Zn-, Al-) metal ions. The large ionic sizes will inevitably result in the sluggish ionic diffusion, difficulty in storage, enormous volume variation, pulverization, low capacity, and poor cyclability. While the high charge/radius ratio of multivalent ions leads to strong electrostatic interactions with solvent molecules and electrode lattice, strong solvation, high desolvation energy, possible storage of complex ions, sluggish ionic diffusion and reaction kinetics, low actual capacity, and poor rate capability and cyclability.

中文翻译：

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构建螯合以促进大尺寸或多价离子的存储


可充电锂离子电池（LIB）是目前最流行的储能设备。然而，商业锂离子电池的必需元素锂、钴和镍稀缺，导致成本增加，再加上环境问题，人们对未来的储能感到担忧，并呼吁大规模的后锂离子电池，包括钠、钾、钙、镁、锌、铝和双离子电池。然而，这些后LIB在存储大尺寸（Na-、K-、Ca-离子、阴离子）或高电荷密度多价（Ca-、Mg-、Zn-、Al-）金属方面面临着挑战离子。离子尺寸过大，必然导致离子扩散缓慢、储存困难、体积变化大、粉化、容量低、循环性差等问题。而多价离子的高电荷/半径比导致与溶剂分子和电极晶格的静电相互作用强，溶剂化强，去溶剂化能高，可能储存复杂离子，离子扩散和反应动力学缓慢，实际容量低，倍率性能差和循环能力。