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Large-scale phenotyping of patients with long COVID post-hospitalization reveals mechanistic subtypes of disease
Nature Immunology ( IF 30.5 ) Pub Date : 2024-04-08 , DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01778-0 Felicity Liew , Claudia Efstathiou , Sara Fontanella , Matthew Richardson , Ruth Saunders , Dawid Swieboda , Jasmin K. Sidhu , Stephanie Ascough , Shona C. Moore , Noura Mohamed , Jose Nunag , Clara King , Olivia C. Leavy , Omer Elneima , Hamish J. C. McAuley , Aarti Shikotra , Amisha Singapuri , Marco Sereno , Victoria C. Harris , Linzy Houchen-Wolloff , Neil J. Greening , Nazir I. Lone , Matthew Thorpe , A. A. Roger Thompson , Sarah L. Rowland-Jones , Annemarie B. Docherty , James D. Chalmers , Ling-Pei Ho , Alexander Horsley , Betty Raman , Krisnah Poinasamy , Michael Marks , Onn Min Kon , Luke S. Howard , Daniel G. Wootton , Jennifer K. Quint , Thushan I. de Silva , Antonia Ho , Christopher Chiu , Ewen M. Harrison , William Greenhalf , J. Kenneth Baillie , Malcolm G. Semple , Lance Turtle , Rachael A. Evans , Louise V. Wain , Christopher Brightling , Ryan S. Thwaites , Peter J. M. Openshaw , Kathryn Abel , H. Adamali , Davies Adeloye , Oluwaseun Adeyemi , Rita Adrego , Laura Aguilar Jimenez , Shanaz Ahmad , N. Ahmad Haider , Rubina Ahmed , Nyarko Ahwireng , Mark Ainsworth , Asma Alamoudi , Mariam Ali , M. Aljaroof , Louise Allan , Richard Allen , Lisa Allerton , Lynne Allsop , Ann Marie Allt , Paula Almeida , Bashar Al-Sheklly , Danny Altmann , Maria Alvarez Corral , Shannon Amoils , David Anderson , Charalambos Antoniades , Gill Arbane , Ava Maria Arias , Cherie Armour , Lisa Armstrong , Natalie Armstrong , David Arnold , H. Arnold , A. Ashish , Andrew Ashworth , M. Ashworth , Shahab Aslani , Hosanna Assefa-Kebede , Paul Atkin , Catherine Atkin , Raminder Aul , Hnin Aung , Liam Austin , Cristina Avram , Nikos Avramidis , A. Ayoub , Marta Babores , Rhiannon Baggott , J. Bagshaw , David Baguley , Elisabeth Bailey , J. Kenneth Baillie , Steve Bain , Majda Bakali , M. Bakau , E. Baldry , Molly Baldwin , David Baldwin , Clive Ballard , Amita Banerjee , Dongchun Bang , R. E. Barker , Laura Barman , Perdita Barran , Shaney Barratt , Fiona Barrett , Donna Basire , Neil Basu , Michelle Bates , A. Bates , R. Batterham , Helen Baxendale , Gabrielle Baxter , Hannah Bayes , M. Beadsworth , Paul Beckett , M. Beggs , M. Begum , Paul Beirne , Murdina Bell , Robert Bell , Kaytie Bennett , Eva Beranova , Areti Bermperi , Anthony Berridge , Colin Berry , Sarah Betts , Emily Bevan , Kamaldeep Bhui , Michelle Bingham , K. Birchall , Lettie Bishop , Karen Bisnauthsing , John Blaikely , Angela Bloss , Annette Bolger , Charlotte Bolton , J. Bonnington , A. Botkai , Charlotte Bourne , Michelle Bourne , Kate Bramham , Lucy Brear , G. Breen , Jonathon Breeze , Katie Breeze , Andrew Briggs , E. Bright , Simon Brill , K. Brindle , Lauren Broad , Andrew Broadley , Claire Brookes , Mattew Broome , Vanessa Brown , M. Brown , Jo Brown , J. Brown , Ammani Brown , Angela Brown , M. Brown , Jeremy Brown , Terry Brugha , Nigel Brunskill , M. Buch , Phil Buckley , Anda Bularga , Ed Bullmore , Jenny Bunker , L. Burden , Tracy Burdett , David Burn , G. Burns , A. Burns , John Busby , Robyn Butcher , Al-Tahoor Butt , S. Byrne , P. Cairns , P. C. Calder , Ellen Calvelo , H. Carborn , Bethany Card , Caitlin Carr , Liesel Carr , G. Carson , Penny Carter , Anna Casey , M. Cassar , Jonathon Cavanagh , Manish Chablani , Trudie Chalder , James D. Chalmers , Rachel Chambers , Flora Chan , K. M. Channon , Kerry Chapman , Amanda Charalambou , N. Chaudhuri , A. Checkley , Jin Chen , Yutung Cheng , Luke Chetham , Caroline Childs , Edwin Chilvers , H. Chinoy , A. Chiribiri , K. Chong-James , N. Choudhury , Gaunab Choudhury , Phillip Chowienczyk , C. Christie , Melanie Chrystal , Cameron Clark , David Clark , Jude Clarke , S. Clohisey , G. Coakley , Zach Coburn , S. Coetzee , Joby Cole , Chris Coleman , Florence Conneh , David Connell , Bronwen Connolly , Lynda Connor , Amanda Cook , Shirley Cooper , B. Cooper , Josh Cooper , Donna Copeland , Tracey Cosier , Eamon Coughlan , Martina Coulding , C. Coupland , E. Cox , Thelma Craig , P. Crisp , Daniele Cristiano , Michael Crooks , Andy Cross , Isabel Cruz , P. Cullinan , D. Cuthbertson , Luke Daines , Matthhew Dalton , Patrick Daly , Alison Daniels , P. Dark , Joanne Dasgin , C. David , Anthony David , Ffyon Davies , Ellie Davies , Kim Davies , Gareth Davies , Gwyneth Davies , Melanie Davies , Joy Dawson , Camilla Dawson , Enya Daynes , Anthony De Soyza , Bill Deakin , Andrew Deans , C. Deas , Joanne Deery , Sylviane Defres , Amanda Dell , K. Dempsey , Emma Denneny , J. Dennis , A. Dewar , Ruvini Dharmagunawardena , Nawar Diar-Bakerly , Caroline Dickens , A. Dipper , Sarah Diver , Shalin Diwanji , Myles Dixon , R. Djukanovic , Hannah Dobson , S. L. Dobson , Annemarie B. Docherty , A. Donaldson , T. Dong , N. Dormand , Andrew Dougherty , Rachael Dowling , Stephen Drain , Katharine Draxlbauer , Katie Drury , Pearl Dulawan , A. Dunleavy , Sarah Dunn , Catherine Dupont , Joanne Earley , Nicholas Easom , Carlos Echevarria , Sarah Edwards , C. Edwardson , Anne Elliott , K. Elliott , Yvette Ellis , Anne Elmer , Hosni El-Taweel , Teriann Evans , Ranuromanana Evans , D. Evans , R. Evans , H. Evans , Jonathon Evans , Cerys Evenden , Lynsey Evison , Laura Fabbri , Sara Fairbairn , Alexandra Fairman , K. Fallon , David Faluyi , Clair Favager , Tamanah Fayzan , James Featherstone , T. Felton , V. Ferreira , J. Finch , Selina Finney , J. Finnigan , L. Finnigan , Helen Fisher , S. Fletcher , Rachel Flockton , Margaret Flynn , H. Foot , David Foote , Amber Ford , D. Forton , Eva Fraile , C. Francis , Richard Francis , Susan Francis , Anew Frankel , Emily Fraser , Rob Free , N. French , X. Fu , Jonathon Fuld , J. Furniss , Lucie Garner , N. Gautam , John Geddes , J. George , P. George , Michael Gibbons , Rhyan Gill , Mandy Gill , L. Gilmour , F. Gleeson , Jodie Glossop , Sarah Glover , Nicola Goodman , Camelia Goodwin , Bibek Gooptu , Hussain Gordon , T. Gorsuch , M. Greatorex , Paul Greenhaff , William Greenhalf , Alan Greenhalgh , John Greenwood , Rebecca Gregory , Heidi Gregory , D. Grieve , Denise Griffin , L. Griffiths , Anne-Marie Guerdette , Beatriz Guillen-Guio , Mahitha Gummadi , Ayushman Gupta , Sambasivarao Gurram , Elspeth Guthrie , Zoe Guy , Kate Hadley , Ahmed Haggar , Kera Hainey , Brigid Hairsine , Pranab Haldar , Lucy Hall , Ian Hall , Mark Halling-Brown , R. Hamil , Alyson Hancock , Kia Hancock , Neil Hanley , Sulaimaan Haq , Hayley Hardwick , Tim Hardy , E. Hardy , Beverley Hargadon , Kate Harrington , Edward Harris , Ewen Harrison , Paul Harrison , Nicholas Hart , Alice Harvey , Matt Harvey , M. Harvie , L. Haslam , Claire Hastie , May Havinden-Williams , Jenny Hawkes , Nancy Hawkings , Jill Haworth , A. Hayday , Matthew Haynes , J. Hazeldine , Tracy Hazelton , Liam Heaney , Cheryl Heeley , Jonathon Heeney , M. Heightman , Simon Heller , Max Henderson , Helen Henson , L. Hesselden , Melanie Hewitt , Victoria Highett , T. Hillman , T. Hiwot , Ling-Pei Ho , Michaela Hoare , Amy Hoare , J. Hockridge , Philip Hogarth , Ailsa Holbourn , Sophie Holden , L. Holdsworth , D. Holgate , Maureen Holland , Leah Holloway , Katie Holmes , Megan Holmes , B. Holroyd-Hind , L. Holt , Anil Hormis , Alexander Horsley , Akram Hosseini , M. Hotopf , Luke S. Howard , Kate Howard , Alice Howell , E. Hufton , Rachel Ann Hughes , Joan Hughes , Alun Hughes , Amy Humphries , Nathan Huneke , E. Hurditch , John Hurst , Masud Husain , Tracy Hussell , John Hutchinson , W. Ibrahim , F. Ilyas , Julie Ingham , L. Ingram , Diana Ionita , Karen Isaacs , Khalida Ismail , T. Jackson , Joseph Jacob , W. Y. James , W. Jang , Claire Jarman , Ian Jarrold , Hannah Jarvis , Roman Jastrub , Bhagy Jayaraman , Gisli Jenkins , P. Jezzard , Kasim Jiwa , C. Johnson , Simon Johnson , Desmond Johnston , Caroline Jolley , S. Jones , H. Jones , L. Jones , Ian Jones , G. Jones , Heather Jones , Mark Jones , Don Jones , Sherly Jose , Thomas Kabir , G. Kaltsakas , Vicky Kamwa , N. Kanellakis , Sabina Kaprowska , Zunaira Kausar , Natalie Keenan , S. Kelly , G. Kemp , Steven Kerr , Helen Kerslake , Angela Key , Fasih Khan , Kamlesh Khunti , Susan Kilroy , Bernie King , Clara King , Lucy Kingham , Jill Kirk , Paaig Kitterick , Paul Klenerman , Lucy Knibbs , Sean Knight , Abigail Knighton , Onn Min Kon , S. Kon , Samantha Kon , Ania Korszun , Ivan Koychev , Claire Kurasz , Prathiba Kurupati , C. Laing , Hanan Lamlum , G. Landers , Claudia Langenberg , Lara Lavelle-Langham , Allan Lawrie , Cathy Lawson , Claire Lawson , Alison Layton , A. Lea , Ju Hee Lee , Elvina Lee , D. Lee , Karen Leitch , Rebecca Lenagh , Victoria Lewis , Joanne Lewis , Keir Lewis , D. Lewis , N. Lewis-Burke , X. Li , Tessa Light , Liz Lightstone , W. Lilaonitkul , Lai Lim , S. Linford , Anne Lingford-Hughes , M. Lipman , Kamal Liyanage , Arwel Lloyd , S. Logan , D. Lomas , Nazir I. Lone , Ronda Loosley , Janet Lord , Harpreet Lota , Wayne Lovegrove , Daniel Lozano-Rojas , Alice Lucey , Gardiner Lucy , E. Lukaschuk , Alison Lye , Ceri Lynch , S. MacDonald , G. MacGowan , Irene Macharia , J. Mackie , L. Macliver , S. Madathil , Gladys Madzamba , Nick Magee , Murphy Magtoto , N. Mairs , N. Majeed , E. Major , Flora Malein , M. Malim , Georgia Mallison , William Man , S. Mandal , K. Mangion , C. Manisty , R. Manley , Katherine March , Stefan Marciniak , Philip Marino , Myril Mariveles , Michael Marks , Elizabeth Marouzet , Sophie Marsh , M. Marshall , B. Marshall , Jane Martin , Adrian Martineau , L. M. Martinez , Nick Maskell , Darwin Matila , Wadzanai Matimba-Mupaya , Laura Matthews , Angeline Mbuyisa , Steve McAdoo , Hamish McAllister-Williams , Paul McArdle , Anne McArdle , Danny McAulay , Gerry McCann , W. McCormick , Jacqueline McCormick , P. McCourt , Celeste McCracken , Lorcan McGarvey , C. McGee , K. Mcgee , Jade McGinness , K. McGlynn , Andrew McGovern , Heather McGuinness , I. B. McInnes , Jerome McIntosh , Emma McIvor , Katherine McIvor , Laura McLeavey , Aisling McMahon , Michael McMahon , L. McMorrow , Teresa Mcnally , M. McNarry , J. McNeill , Alison McQueen , H. McShane , Chloe Mears , Clare Megson , Sharon Megson , P. Mehta , J. Meiring , Lucy Melling , Mark Mencias , R. Menke , Daniel Menzies , Marta Merida Morillas , Alice Michael , Benedict Michael , C. A. Miller , Lea Milligan , Nicholas Mills , Clare Mills , George Mills , L. Milner , S. Misra , Jane Mitchell , Abdelrahman Mohamed , S. Mohammed , Philip Molyneaux , Will Monteiro , Silvia Moriera , Anna Morley , Leigh Morrison , Richard Morriss , A. Morrow , Paul Moss , Alistair Moss , K. Motohashi , N. Msimanga , Elizabeta Mukaetova-Ladinska , Unber Munawar , Jennifer Murira , Uttam Nanda , Heeah Nassa , Mariam Nasseri , Rashmita Nathu , Aoife Neal , Robert Needham , Paula Neill , Stefan Neubauer , D. E. Newby , Helen Newell , J. Newman , Tom Newman , Alex Newton-Cox , T. E. Nichols , Tim Nicholson , Christos Nicolaou , Debby Nicoll , Athanasios Nikolaidis , C. Nikolaidou , C. M. Nolan , Matthew Noonan , C. Norman , Petr Novotny , Kimon Ntotsis , Lorenza Nwafor , Uchechi Nwanguma , Joseph Nyaboko , Linda O’Brien , C. O’Brien , Natasha Odell , Kate O’Donnell , Godwin Ogbole , G. Ogg , Olaoluwa Olaosebikan , Catherine Oliver , Zohra Omar , D. P. O’Regan , Lorna Orriss-Dib , Lynn Osborne , Rebecca Osbourne , Marlies Ostermann , Charlotte Overton , J. Owen , J. Oxton , Jamie Pack , Edmund Pacpaco , Stella-Maria Paddick , Sharon Painter , Erola Pairo-Castineira , Ashkan Pakzad , Sue Palmer , Padmasayee Papineni , K. Paques , Kerry Paradowski , Manish Pareek , Dhruv Parekh , H. Parfrey , Carmen Pariante , S. Parker , M. Parkes , J. Parmar , Sheetal Patale , Manish Patel , B. Patel , Suhani Patel , Dibya Pattenadk , M. Pavlides , Sheila Payne , Lorraine Pearce , John Pearl , Dan Peckham , Jessica Pendlebury , Yanchun Peng , Chris Pennington , Ida Peralta , Emma Perkins , Z. Peterkin , Tunde Peto , Nayia Petousi , John Petrie , Paul Pfeffer , Janet Phipps , S. Piechnik , John Pimm , Karen Piper Hanley , Riinu Pius , Hannah Plant , S. Plein , Tatiana Plekhanova , Megan Plowright , Krisnah Poinasamy , Oliver Polgar , L. Poll , Julie Porter , Joanna Porter , Sofiya Portukhay , Natassia Powell , A. Prabhu , James Pratt , Andrea Price , Claire Price , Carly Price , L. Price , D. Price , L. Price , Anne Prickett , I. Propescu , J. Propescu , Sabrina Prosper , S. Pugmire , Sheena Quaid , Jackie Quigley , Jennifer K. Quint , H. Qureshi , I. N. Qureshi , K. Radhakrishnan , Najib Rahman , Markus Ralser , Betty Raman , Hazel Ramos , Albert Ramos , Jade Rangeley , Bojidar Rangelov , Liz Ratcliffe , Phillip Ravencroft , Konrad Rawlik , Anne Reddington , R. Reddy , A. Reddy , Heidi Redfearn , Dawn Redwood , Annabel Reed , Meryl Rees , Tabitha Rees , Karen Regan , Will Reynolds , Carla Ribeiro , A. Richards , Emma Richardson , M. Richardson , Pilar Rivera-Ortega , K. Roberts , Elizabeth Robertson , Leanne Robinson , Emma Robinson , Lisa Roche , C. Roddis , J. Rodger , Natalie Rogers , Gavin Ross , Alexandra Ross , Jennifer Rossdale , Anthony Rostron , Anna Rowe , J. Rowland , M. J. Rowland , A. Rowland , Sarah L. Rowland-Jones , Maura Roy , K. Roy , Igor Rudan , Richard Russell , Emily Russell , Gwen Saalmink , Ramsey Sabit , Beth Sage , T. Samakomva , Nilesh Samani , A. A. Samat , Claire Sampson , Katherine Samuel , Reena Samuel , Z. B. Sanders , Amy Sanderson , Elizabeth Sapey , Dinesh Saralaya , Jack Sargant , Carol Sarginson , T. Sass , Naveed Sattar , Kathryn Saunders , Peter Saunders , Ruth Saunders , Laura Saunders , Heather Savill , W. Saxon , Avan Sayer , J. Schronce , William Schwaeble , Janet Scott , Kathryn Scott , Nick Selby , Terri Ann Sewell , Kamini Shah , Ajay Shah , P. Shah , Manu Shankar-Hari , M. Sharma , Claire Sharpe , Michael Sharpe , Sharlene Shashaa , Alison Shaw , Victoria Shaw , Karen Shaw , Aziz Sheikh , Sarah Shelton , Liz Shenton , K. Shevket , J. Short , Sulman Siddique , Salman Siddiqui , J. Sidebottom , Louise Sigfrid , Gemma Simons , Neil Simpson , John Simpson , Ananga Singapuri , Suver Singh , Claire Singh , Sally Singh , D. Sissons , J. Skeemer , Katie Slack , David Smith , Nikki Smith , Andrew Smith , Jacqui Smith , Laurie Smith , Susan Smith , M. Soares , Teresa Solano , Reanne Solly , A. R. Solstice , Tracy Soulsby , David Southern , D. Sowter , Mark Spears , Lisa Spencer , Fabio Speranza , Louise Stadon , Stefan Stanel , R. Steeds , N. Steele , Mike Steiner , David Stensel , G. Stephens , Lorraine Stephenson , M. Stern , Iain Stewart , R. Stimpson , Sue Stockdale , J. Stockley , Wendy Stoker , Roisin Stone , Will Storrar , Andrew Storrie , Kim Storton , E. Stringer , Sophia Strong-Sheldrake , Natalie Stroud , Christian Subbe , Catherine Sudlow , Zehra Suleiman , Charlotte Summers , C. Summersgill , Debbie Sutherland , D. L. Sykes , R. Sykes , Nick Talbot , Ai Lyn Tan , Lawrence Tarusan , Vera Tavoukjian , Jessica Taylor , Abigail Taylor , Chris Taylor , John Paul Taylor , Amelie Te , H. Tedd , Caroline Tee , J. Teixeira , Helen Tench , Sarah Terry , Susannah Thackray-Nocera , Favas Thaivalappil , B. Thamu , David Thickett , David Thomas , S. Thomas , Caradog Thomas , Andrew Thomas , T. Thomas-Woods , A. A. Roger Thompson , Tamika Thompson , T. Thornton , Matthew Thorpe , Jo Tilley , N. Tinker , Gerlynn Tiongson , Martin Tobin , Johanne Tomlinson , C. Tong , Mark Toshner , R. Touyz , T. Treibel , K. A. Tripp , Drupad Trivedi , E. M. Tunnicliffe , Alison Turnbull , Kim Turner , Sarah Turner , Victoria Turner , E. Turner , Sharon Turney , Helena Turton , Jacinta Ugoji , R. Ugwuoke , Rachel Upthegrove , Jonathon Valabhji , Maximina Ventura , Joanne Vere , Carinna Vickers , Ben Vinson , Ioannis Vogiatzis , Elaine Wade , Phillip Wade , Tania Wainwright , Lilian Wajero , Sinead Walder , Samantha Walker , S. Walker , E. Wall , Tim Wallis , Sarah Walmsley , Simon Walsh , J. A. Walsh , Louise Warburton , T. J. C. Ward , Katie Warwick , Helen Wassall , Samuel Waterson , L. Watson , Ekaterina Watson , James Watson , M. Webster , J. Weir McCall , H. Welch , Carly Welch , B. Welsh , Simon Wessely , Sophie West , Heather Weston , Helen Wheeler , Sonia White , Victoria Whitehead , J. Whitney , S. Whittaker , Beverley Whittam , V. Whitworth , Andrew Wight , James Wild , Martin Wilkins , Dan Wilkinson , Nick Williams , N. Williams , B. Williams , Jenny Williams , S. A. Williams-Howard , Michelle Willicombe , Gemma Willis , James Willoughby , Ann Wilson , Imogen Wilson , Daisy Wilson , Nicola Window , M. Witham , Rebecca Wolf-Roberts , Chloe Wood , F. Woodhead , Janet Woods , Dan Wootton , J. Wormleighton , J. Worsley , David Wraith , Caroline Wrey Brown , C. Wright , S. Wright , Louise Wright , J. Wyles , Inez Wynter , C. Xie , Moucheng Xu , Najira Yasmin , S. Yasmin , Tom Yates , Kay Por Yip , Susan Young , Bob Young , A. Young , A. J. Yousuf , Amira Zawia , Lisa Zeidan , Bang Zhao , Bang Zheng , O. Zongo , Kayode Adeniji , Daniel Agranoff , Ken Agwuh , Katie A. Ahmed , Dhiraj Ail , Erin L. Aldera , Ana Alegria , Beatrice Alex , Sam Allen , Petros Andrikopoulos , Brian Angus , Jane A. Armstrong , Abdul Ashish , Milton Ashworth , Innocent G. Asiimwe , Dougal Atkinson , Benjamin Bach , J. Kenneth Baillie , Siddharth Bakshi , Wendy S. Barclay , Shahedal Bari , Gavin Barlow , Samantha L. Barlow , Stella Barnass , Nicholas Barrett , Christopher Bassford , Sneha Basude , David Baxter , Michael Beadsworth , Jolanta Bernatoniene , John Berridge , Colin Berry , Nicola Best , Debby Bogaert , Laura Booth , Pieter Bothma , Benjamin Brennan , Robin Brittain-Long , Katie Bullock , Naomi Bulteel , Tom Burden , Andrew Burtenshaw , Nicola Carlucci , Gail Carson , Vikki Caruth , Emily Cass , Benjamin W. A. Catterall , David Chadwick , Duncan Chambler , Meera Chand , Kanta Chechi , Nigel Chee , Jenny Child , Srikanth Chukkambotla , Richard Clark , Tom Clark , Jordan J. Clark , Emily A. Clarke , Sara Clohisey , Sarah Cole , Paul Collini , Marie Connor , Graham S. Cooke , Louise Cooper , Catherine Cosgrove , Audrey Coutts , Helen Cox , Jason Cupitt , Maria-Teresa Cutino-Moguel , Ana da Silva Filipe , Jo Dalton , Paul Dark , Christopher Davis , Chris Dawson , Thushan de Silva , Samir Dervisevic , Oslem Dincarslan , Alejandra Doce Carracedo , Annemarie B. 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Harrison , Janet Harrison , Catherine Hartley , Stuart Hartshorn , Daniel Harvey , Peter Havalda , Daniel B. Hawcutt , Ross Hendry , Antonia Y. W. Ho , Maria Hobrok , Luke Hodgson , Karl Holden , Anthony Holmes , Peter W. Horby , Anil Hormis , Joanne Howard , Samreen Ijaz , Clare Jackson , Michael Jacobs , Susan Jain , Paul Jennings , Rebecca L. Jensen , Christopher B. Jones , Trevor R. Jones , Agilan Kaliappan , Vidya Kasipandian , Seán Keating , Stephen Kegg , Michael Kelsey , Jason Kendall , Caroline Kerrison , Ian Kerslake , Shadia Khandaker , Say Khoo , Katharine King , Robyn T. Kiy , Paul Klenerman , Stephen R. Knight , Susan Knight , Oliver Koch , Gouri Koduri , George Koshy , Chrysa Koukorava , Shondipon Laha , Eva Lahnsteiner , Steven Laird , Annette Lake , Suzannah Lant , Susan Larkin , Diane Latawiec , Lara Lavelle-Langham , Andrew Law , James Lee , Gary Leeming , Daniella Lefteri , Tamas Leiner , Lauren Lett , Matthew Lewis , Sonia Liggi , Patrick Lillie , Wei Shen Lim , James Limb , Vanessa Linnett , Jeff Little , Lucia A. Livoti , Mark Lyttle , Louise MacGillivray , Alan Maclean , Michael MacMahon , Emily MacNaughton , Maria Mancini , Ravish Mankregod , Laura Marsh , Lynn Maslen , Hannah Massey , Huw Masson , Elijah Matovu , Nicole Maziere , Sarah McCafferty , Katherine McCullough , Sarah E. McDonald , Sarah McDonald , Laurence McEvoy , Ruth McEwen , John McLauchlan , Kenneth A. Mclean , Manjula Meda , Alexander J. Mentzer , Laura Merson , Soeren Metelmann , Alison M. Meynert , Nahida S. Miah , Joanna Middleton , Gary Mills , Jane Minton , Joyce Mitchell , Kavya Mohandas , Quen Mok , James Moon , Elinoor Moore , Shona C. Moore , Patrick Morgan , Kirstie Morrice , Craig Morris , Katherine Mortimore , Samuel Moses , Mbiye Mpenge , Rohinton Mulla , Derek Murphy , Lee Murphy , Michael Murphy , Ellen G. Murphy , Thapas Nagarajan , Megan Nagel , Mark Nelson , Lisa Norman , Lillian Norris , Lucy Norris , Mahdad Noursadeghi , Michael Olanipekun , Wilna Oosthuyzen , Peter J. M. Openshaw , Anthonia Osagie , Matthew K. O’Shea , Marlies Ostermann , Igor Otahal , Mark Pais , Massimo Palmarini , Carlo Palmieri , Selva Panchatsharam , Danai Papakonstantinou , Padmasayee Papineni , Hassan Paraiso , Brij Patel , Natalie Pattison , William A. Paxton , Rebekah Penrice-Randal , Justin Pepperell , Mark Peters , Mandeep Phull , Jack Pilgrim , Stefania Pintus , Riinu Pius , Tim Planche , Daniel Plotkin , Georgios Pollakis , Frank Post , Nicholas Price , David Price , Tessa Prince , Rachel Prout , Nikolas Rae , Andrew Rambaut , Henrik Reschreiter , Tim Reynolds , Neil Richardson , P. Matthew Ridley , Mark Roberts , Stephanie Roberts , Devender Roberts , David L. Robertson , Alistair Rose , Guy Rousseau , Bobby Ruge , Clark D. Russell , Brendan Ryan , Debby Sales , Taranprit Saluja , Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu , Caroline Sands , Egle Saviciute , Matthias Schmid , Janet T. Scott , James Scott-Brown , Malcolm G. Semple , Aarti Shah , Manu Shankar-Hari , Prad Shanmuga , Anil Sharma , Catherine A. Shaw , Victoria E. Shaw , Anna Shawcross , Rebecca K. Shears , Louise Sigfrid , Jagtur Singh Pooni , Jeremy Sizer , Benjamin Small , Richard Smith , Catherine Snelson , Tom Solomon , Rebecca G. Spencer , Nick Spittle , Shiranee Sriskandan , Nikki Staines , Tom Stambach , Richard Stewart , David Stuart , Krishanthi S. Subramaniam , Pradeep Subudhi , Charlotte Summers , Olivia V. Swann , Tamas Szakmany , Agnieska Szemiel , Aislynn Taggart , Sarah Tait , Zoltan Takats , Panteleimon Takis , Jolanta Tanianis-Hughes , Kate Tatham , Richard S. Tedder , Jo Thomas , Jordan Thomas , Robert Thompson , Chris Thompson , Emma C. Thomson , Ascanio Tridente , Erwan Trochu , Darell Tupper-Carey , Lance C. W. Turtle , Mary Twagira , Nick Vallotton , Libby van Tonder , Rama Vancheeswaran , Rachel Vincent , Lisa Vincent-Smith , Shico Visuvanathan , Alan Vuylsteke , Sam Waddy , Rachel Wake , Andrew Walden , Ingeborg Welters , Murray Wham , Tony Whitehouse , Paul Whittaker , Ashley Whittington , Meme Wijesinghe , Eve Wilcock , Martin Williams , Lawrence Wilson , Stephen Winchester , Martin Wiselka , Adam Wolverson , Daniel G. Wootton , Andrew Workman , Nicola Wrobel , Bryan Yates , Peter Young , Maria Zambon , J. Eunice Zhang , ,
中文翻译：
对住院后长期感染新冠病毒的患者进行大规模表型分析揭示了疾病的机制亚型
更新日期：2024-04-09
Nature Immunology ( IF 30.5 ) Pub Date : 2024-04-08 , DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01778-0 Felicity Liew , Claudia Efstathiou , Sara Fontanella , Matthew Richardson , Ruth Saunders , Dawid Swieboda , Jasmin K. Sidhu , Stephanie Ascough , Shona C. Moore , Noura Mohamed , Jose Nunag , Clara King , Olivia C. Leavy , Omer Elneima , Hamish J. C. McAuley , Aarti Shikotra , Amisha Singapuri , Marco Sereno , Victoria C. Harris , Linzy Houchen-Wolloff , Neil J. Greening , Nazir I. Lone , Matthew Thorpe , A. A. Roger Thompson , Sarah L. Rowland-Jones , Annemarie B. Docherty , James D. Chalmers , Ling-Pei Ho , Alexander Horsley , Betty Raman , Krisnah Poinasamy , Michael Marks , Onn Min Kon , Luke S. Howard , Daniel G. Wootton , Jennifer K. Quint , Thushan I. de Silva , Antonia Ho , Christopher Chiu , Ewen M. Harrison , William Greenhalf , J. Kenneth Baillie , Malcolm G. Semple , Lance Turtle , Rachael A. Evans , Louise V. Wain , Christopher Brightling , Ryan S. Thwaites , Peter J. M. Openshaw , Kathryn Abel , H. Adamali , Davies Adeloye , Oluwaseun Adeyemi , Rita Adrego , Laura Aguilar Jimenez , Shanaz Ahmad , N. Ahmad Haider , Rubina Ahmed , Nyarko Ahwireng , Mark Ainsworth , Asma Alamoudi , Mariam Ali , M. Aljaroof , Louise Allan , Richard Allen , Lisa Allerton , Lynne Allsop , Ann Marie Allt , Paula Almeida , Bashar Al-Sheklly , Danny Altmann , Maria Alvarez Corral , Shannon Amoils , David Anderson , Charalambos Antoniades , Gill Arbane , Ava Maria Arias , Cherie Armour , Lisa Armstrong , Natalie Armstrong , David Arnold , H. Arnold , A. Ashish , Andrew Ashworth , M. Ashworth , Shahab Aslani , Hosanna Assefa-Kebede , Paul Atkin , Catherine Atkin , Raminder Aul , Hnin Aung , Liam Austin , Cristina Avram , Nikos Avramidis , A. Ayoub , Marta Babores , Rhiannon Baggott , J. Bagshaw , David Baguley , Elisabeth Bailey , J. Kenneth Baillie , Steve Bain , Majda Bakali , M. Bakau , E. Baldry , Molly Baldwin , David Baldwin , Clive Ballard , Amita Banerjee , Dongchun Bang , R. E. Barker , Laura Barman , Perdita Barran , Shaney Barratt , Fiona Barrett , Donna Basire , Neil Basu , Michelle Bates , A. Bates , R. Batterham , Helen Baxendale , Gabrielle Baxter , Hannah Bayes , M. Beadsworth , Paul Beckett , M. Beggs , M. Begum , Paul Beirne , Murdina Bell , Robert Bell , Kaytie Bennett , Eva Beranova , Areti Bermperi , Anthony Berridge , Colin Berry , Sarah Betts , Emily Bevan , Kamaldeep Bhui , Michelle Bingham , K. Birchall , Lettie Bishop , Karen Bisnauthsing , John Blaikely , Angela Bloss , Annette Bolger , Charlotte Bolton , J. Bonnington , A. Botkai , Charlotte Bourne , Michelle Bourne , Kate Bramham , Lucy Brear , G. Breen , Jonathon Breeze , Katie Breeze , Andrew Briggs , E. Bright , Simon Brill , K. Brindle , Lauren Broad , Andrew Broadley , Claire Brookes , Mattew Broome , Vanessa Brown , M. Brown , Jo Brown , J. Brown , Ammani Brown , Angela Brown , M. Brown , Jeremy Brown , Terry Brugha , Nigel Brunskill , M. Buch , Phil Buckley , Anda Bularga , Ed Bullmore , Jenny Bunker , L. Burden , Tracy Burdett , David Burn , G. Burns , A. Burns , John Busby , Robyn Butcher , Al-Tahoor Butt , S. Byrne , P. Cairns , P. C. Calder , Ellen Calvelo , H. Carborn , Bethany Card , Caitlin Carr , Liesel Carr , G. Carson , Penny Carter , Anna Casey , M. Cassar , Jonathon Cavanagh , Manish Chablani , Trudie Chalder , James D. Chalmers , Rachel Chambers , Flora Chan , K. M. Channon , Kerry Chapman , Amanda Charalambou , N. Chaudhuri , A. Checkley , Jin Chen , Yutung Cheng , Luke Chetham , Caroline Childs , Edwin Chilvers , H. Chinoy , A. Chiribiri , K. Chong-James , N. Choudhury , Gaunab Choudhury , Phillip Chowienczyk , C. Christie , Melanie Chrystal , Cameron Clark , David Clark , Jude Clarke , S. Clohisey , G. Coakley , Zach Coburn , S. Coetzee , Joby Cole , Chris Coleman , Florence Conneh , David Connell , Bronwen Connolly , Lynda Connor , Amanda Cook , Shirley Cooper , B. Cooper , Josh Cooper , Donna Copeland , Tracey Cosier , Eamon Coughlan , Martina Coulding , C. Coupland , E. Cox , Thelma Craig , P. Crisp , Daniele Cristiano , Michael Crooks , Andy Cross , Isabel Cruz , P. Cullinan , D. Cuthbertson , Luke Daines , Matthhew Dalton , Patrick Daly , Alison Daniels , P. Dark , Joanne Dasgin , C. David , Anthony David , Ffyon Davies , Ellie Davies , Kim Davies , Gareth Davies , Gwyneth Davies , Melanie Davies , Joy Dawson , Camilla Dawson , Enya Daynes , Anthony De Soyza , Bill Deakin , Andrew Deans , C. Deas , Joanne Deery , Sylviane Defres , Amanda Dell , K. Dempsey , Emma Denneny , J. Dennis , A. Dewar , Ruvini Dharmagunawardena , Nawar Diar-Bakerly , Caroline Dickens , A. Dipper , Sarah Diver , Shalin Diwanji , Myles Dixon , R. Djukanovic , Hannah Dobson , S. L. Dobson , Annemarie B. Docherty , A. Donaldson , T. Dong , N. Dormand , Andrew Dougherty , Rachael Dowling , Stephen Drain , Katharine Draxlbauer , Katie Drury , Pearl Dulawan , A. Dunleavy , Sarah Dunn , Catherine Dupont , Joanne Earley , Nicholas Easom , Carlos Echevarria , Sarah Edwards , C. Edwardson , Anne Elliott , K. Elliott , Yvette Ellis , Anne Elmer , Hosni El-Taweel , Teriann Evans , Ranuromanana Evans , D. Evans , R. Evans , H. Evans , Jonathon Evans , Cerys Evenden , Lynsey Evison , Laura Fabbri , Sara Fairbairn , Alexandra Fairman , K. Fallon , David Faluyi , Clair Favager , Tamanah Fayzan , James Featherstone , T. Felton , V. Ferreira , J. Finch , Selina Finney , J. Finnigan , L. Finnigan , Helen Fisher , S. Fletcher , Rachel Flockton , Margaret Flynn , H. Foot , David Foote , Amber Ford , D. Forton , Eva Fraile , C. Francis , Richard Francis , Susan Francis , Anew Frankel , Emily Fraser , Rob Free , N. French , X. Fu , Jonathon Fuld , J. Furniss , Lucie Garner , N. Gautam , John Geddes , J. George , P. George , Michael Gibbons , Rhyan Gill , Mandy Gill , L. Gilmour , F. Gleeson , Jodie Glossop , Sarah Glover , Nicola Goodman , Camelia Goodwin , Bibek Gooptu , Hussain Gordon , T. Gorsuch , M. Greatorex , Paul Greenhaff , William Greenhalf , Alan Greenhalgh , John Greenwood , Rebecca Gregory , Heidi Gregory , D. Grieve , Denise Griffin , L. Griffiths , Anne-Marie Guerdette , Beatriz Guillen-Guio , Mahitha Gummadi , Ayushman Gupta , Sambasivarao Gurram , Elspeth Guthrie , Zoe Guy , Kate Hadley , Ahmed Haggar , Kera Hainey , Brigid Hairsine , Pranab Haldar , Lucy Hall , Ian Hall , Mark Halling-Brown , R. Hamil , Alyson Hancock , Kia Hancock , Neil Hanley , Sulaimaan Haq , Hayley Hardwick , Tim Hardy , E. Hardy , Beverley Hargadon , Kate Harrington , Edward Harris , Ewen Harrison , Paul Harrison , Nicholas Hart , Alice Harvey , Matt Harvey , M. Harvie , L. Haslam , Claire Hastie , May Havinden-Williams , Jenny Hawkes , Nancy Hawkings , Jill Haworth , A. Hayday , Matthew Haynes , J. Hazeldine , Tracy Hazelton , Liam Heaney , Cheryl Heeley , Jonathon Heeney , M. Heightman , Simon Heller , Max Henderson , Helen Henson , L. Hesselden , Melanie Hewitt , Victoria Highett , T. Hillman , T. Hiwot , Ling-Pei Ho , Michaela Hoare , Amy Hoare , J. Hockridge , Philip Hogarth , Ailsa Holbourn , Sophie Holden , L. Holdsworth , D. Holgate , Maureen Holland , Leah Holloway , Katie Holmes , Megan Holmes , B. Holroyd-Hind , L. Holt , Anil Hormis , Alexander Horsley , Akram Hosseini , M. Hotopf , Luke S. Howard , Kate Howard , Alice Howell , E. Hufton , Rachel Ann Hughes , Joan Hughes , Alun Hughes , Amy Humphries , Nathan Huneke , E. Hurditch , John Hurst , Masud Husain , Tracy Hussell , John Hutchinson , W. Ibrahim , F. Ilyas , Julie Ingham , L. Ingram , Diana Ionita , Karen Isaacs , Khalida Ismail , T. Jackson , Joseph Jacob , W. Y. James , W. Jang , Claire Jarman , Ian Jarrold , Hannah Jarvis , Roman Jastrub , Bhagy Jayaraman , Gisli Jenkins , P. Jezzard , Kasim Jiwa , C. 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Paxton , Rebekah Penrice-Randal , Justin Pepperell , Mark Peters , Mandeep Phull , Jack Pilgrim , Stefania Pintus , Riinu Pius , Tim Planche , Daniel Plotkin , Georgios Pollakis , Frank Post , Nicholas Price , David Price , Tessa Prince , Rachel Prout , Nikolas Rae , Andrew Rambaut , Henrik Reschreiter , Tim Reynolds , Neil Richardson , P. Matthew Ridley , Mark Roberts , Stephanie Roberts , Devender Roberts , David L. Robertson , Alistair Rose , Guy Rousseau , Bobby Ruge , Clark D. Russell , Brendan Ryan , Debby Sales , Taranprit Saluja , Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu , Caroline Sands , Egle Saviciute , Matthias Schmid , Janet T. Scott , James Scott-Brown , Malcolm G. Semple , Aarti Shah , Manu Shankar-Hari , Prad Shanmuga , Anil Sharma , Catherine A. Shaw , Victoria E. Shaw , Anna Shawcross , Rebecca K. Shears , Louise Sigfrid , Jagtur Singh Pooni , Jeremy Sizer , Benjamin Small , Richard Smith , Catherine Snelson , Tom Solomon , Rebecca G. Spencer , Nick Spittle , Shiranee Sriskandan , Nikki Staines , Tom Stambach , Richard Stewart , David Stuart , Krishanthi S. Subramaniam , Pradeep Subudhi , Charlotte Summers , Olivia V. Swann , Tamas Szakmany , Agnieska Szemiel , Aislynn Taggart , Sarah Tait , Zoltan Takats , Panteleimon Takis , Jolanta Tanianis-Hughes , Kate Tatham , Richard S. Tedder , Jo Thomas , Jordan Thomas , Robert Thompson , Chris Thompson , Emma C. Thomson , Ascanio Tridente , Erwan Trochu , Darell Tupper-Carey , Lance C. W. Turtle , Mary Twagira , Nick Vallotton , Libby van Tonder , Rama Vancheeswaran , Rachel Vincent , Lisa Vincent-Smith , Shico Visuvanathan , Alan Vuylsteke , Sam Waddy , Rachel Wake , Andrew Walden , Ingeborg Welters , Murray Wham , Tony Whitehouse , Paul Whittaker , Ashley Whittington , Meme Wijesinghe , Eve Wilcock , Martin Williams , Lawrence Wilson , Stephen Winchester , Martin Wiselka , Adam Wolverson , Daniel G. 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One in ten severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections result in prolonged symptoms termed long coronavirus disease (COVID), yet disease phenotypes and mechanisms are poorly understood1. Here we profiled 368 plasma proteins in 657 participants ≥3 months following hospitalization. Of these, 426 had at least one long COVID symptom and 233 had fully recovered. Elevated markers of myeloid inflammation and complement activation were associated with long COVID. IL-1R2, MATN2 and COLEC12 were associated with cardiorespiratory symptoms, fatigue and anxiety/depression; MATN2, CSF3 and C1QA were elevated in gastrointestinal symptoms and C1QA was elevated in cognitive impairment. Additional markers of alterations in nerve tissue repair (SPON-1 and NFASC) were elevated in those with cognitive impairment and SCG3, suggestive of brain–gut axis disturbance, was elevated in gastrointestinal symptoms. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) was persistently elevated in some individuals with long COVID, but virus was not detected in sputum. Analysis of inflammatory markers in nasal fluids showed no association with symptoms. Our study aimed to understand inflammatory processes that underlie long COVID and was not designed for biomarker discovery. Our findings suggest that specific inflammatory pathways related to tissue damage are implicated in subtypes of long COVID, which might be targeted in future therapeutic trials.
中文翻译：
对住院后长期感染新冠病毒的患者进行大规模表型分析揭示了疾病的机制亚型
十分之一的严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 感染会导致长期症状，称为长冠状病毒病 (COVID)，但人们对疾病表型和机制知之甚少1。在这里，我们分析了 657 名参与者住院 3 个月以上后的 368 种血浆蛋白。其中，426 人有至少一种长期新冠症状，233 人已完全康复。骨髓炎症和补体激活标志物升高与新冠病毒长期存在相关。 IL-1R2、MATN2 和 COLEC12 与心肺症状、疲劳和焦虑/抑郁相关； MATN2、CSF3 和 C1QA 在胃肠道症状中升高，C1QA 在认知障碍中升高。神经组织修复改变的其他标志物（SPON-1 和 NFASC）在认知障碍患者中升高，而 SCG3（提示脑肠轴紊乱）在胃肠道症状中升高。严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2特异性免疫球蛋白G（IgG）在一些长期感染新冠病毒的个体中持续升高，但在痰液中未检测到病毒。鼻液中炎症标志物的分析显示与症状无关。我们的研究旨在了解长期新冠肺炎背后的炎症过程，并不是为了发现生物标志物而设计的。我们的研究结果表明，与组织损伤相关的特定炎症途径与长新冠病毒的亚型有关，这可能是未来治疗试验的目标。
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