Religion is the great absentee in the history of internationalism. Earlier studies have begun to highlight the critical role played by religious internationalism in the making of the modern world, but the relations between non-confessional internationalism and religious actors have, to date, been completely overlooked. This article explores the relationship between non-confessional internationalism and Catholicism, with the intention of enriching both the history of internationalism and that of Catholicism in the twentieth century. Specifically, it focuses on the relationship between a number of non-confessional internationalist actors – from the Paneuropean Union and other world and European federalist movements to war refugees – and Pope Pius XII, between 1944 and 1948. Based on the recently opened Vatican archives, the following pages address three fundamental issues: (1) What did the Pope represent in the internationalist imagination? (2) Why did non-confessional internationalists seek contact with him? (3) How did the Pope respond to the requests for support that he received? As a whole, the requests for support examined in this paper clearly show the centrality of Pius XII in the imagination – and strategies – of non-confessional internationalism in the 1940s, including popular internationalism. Between 1944 and 1948, all roads really seemed to lead to Rome.

中文翻译：

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条条大路通罗马？教皇庇护十二世和第二次世界大战期间及之后的非忏悔国际主义（1944-1948）

宗教是国际主义历史上的一大缺席者。早期的研究已经开始强调宗教国际主义在现代世界的形成中所发挥的关键作用，但迄今为止，非忏悔国际主义与宗教行为者之间的关系完全被忽视了。本文探讨了不认信国际主义与天主教之间的关系，旨在丰富二十世纪国际主义和天主教的历史。具体来说，它重点关注 1944 年至 1948 年间，从泛欧联盟和其他世界和欧洲联邦主义运动到战争难民的许多非信仰国际主义行为者与教皇庇护十二世之间的关系。根据最近公开的梵蒂冈档案，以下几页讨论了三个基本问题：（1）教皇在国际主义想象中代表什么？ (2) 为什么非信仰的国际主义者寻求与他接触？ (3) 教皇如何回应他收到的支持请求？总体而言，本文研究的支持请求清楚地表明了庇护十二世在 20 世纪 40 年代非忏悔国际主义（包括大众国际主义）的想象和战略中的中心地位。 1944年至1948年间，似乎真的是条条大路通罗马。