Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an evolutionarily conserved family in the innate immune system and are the first line of host defense against microbial pathogens by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLRs, categorized into cell surface and endosomal subfamilies, recognize diverse PAMPs, and structural elucidation of TLRs and PAMP complexes has revealed their intricate mechanisms. TLRs activate common and specific signaling pathways to shape immune responses. Recent studies have shown the importance of post-transcriptional regulation in TLR-mediated inflammatory responses. Despite their protective functions, aberrant responses of TLRs contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Understanding the delicate balance between TLR activation and regulatory mechanisms is crucial for deciphering their dual role in immune defense and disease pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of recent insights into the history of TLR discovery, elucidation of TLR ligands and signaling pathways, and their relevance to various diseases.

中文翻译：

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解码 Toll 样受体：先天免疫的最新见解和观点

Toll 样受体 (TLR) 是先天免疫系统中进化上保守的家族，是宿主通过识别病原体相关分子模式 (PAMP) 防御微生物病原体的第一道防线。 TLR 分为细胞表面亚家族和内体亚家族，可识别不同的 PAMP，并且 TLR 和 PAMP 复合物的结构阐明揭示了其复杂的机制。 TLR 激活常见和特定的信号通路来塑造免疫反应。最近的研究表明转录后调节在 TLR 介导的炎症反应中的重要性。尽管 TLR 具有保护功能，但其异常反应会导致炎症和自身免疫性疾病。了解 TLR 激活和调节机制之间的微妙平衡对于破译它们在免疫防御和疾病发病机制中的双重作用至关重要。这篇综述概述了 TLR 发现历史、TLR 配体和信号通路的阐明及其与各种疾病的相关性的最新见解。