One of the most significant conceptual advances in immunology in recent history is the recognition that signals from the innate immune system are required for induction of adaptive immune responses. Two breakthroughs were critical in establishing this paradigm: the identification of dendritic cells (DCs) as the cellular link between innate and adaptive immunity and the discovery of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as a molecular link that controls innate immune activation as well as DC function. Here, we recount the key events leading to these discoveries and discuss our current understanding of how PRRs shape adaptive immune responses, both indirectly through control of DC function and directly through control of lymphocyte function. In this context, we provide a conceptual framework for how variation in the signals generated by PRR activation, in DCs or other cell types, can influence T cell differentiation and shape the ensuing adaptive immune response.

中文翻译：

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通过模式识别受体控制适应性免疫

近代历史上免疫学最重要的概念进展之一是认识到诱导适应性免疫反应需要来自先天免疫系统的信号。两个突破对于建立这一范式至关重要：识别树突状细胞（DC）作为先天免疫和适应性免疫之间的细胞联系，以及发现模式识别受体（PRR）作为控制先天免疫激活和 DC 功能的分子联系。在这里，我们回顾了导致这些发现的关键事件，并讨论了我们目前对 PRR 如何塑造适应性免疫反应的理解，包括间接通过控制 DC 功能和直接通过控制淋巴细胞功能。在这种情况下，我们提供了一个概念框架，说明 DC 或其他细胞类型中 PRR 激活产生的信号变化如何影响 T 细胞分化并塑造随后的适应性免疫反应。