The demand for precise and responsive detection of Lanthanum (La(III)) is critical in key areas such as environmental monitoring, biomedical research, and industrial processes, underscoring the need for advanced sensor technologies. This research reports an efficient and cost-effective preparation of resorcinarene macrocycle framework (RMF) capped silver nanoparticles (RMF-AgNPs). These nanoparticles were then applied as a novel sensor for La(III), demonstrating dual functionality: they act as a colorimetric sensor and a paper-based probe. Unique in its class, the sensor excels in detecting La(III) at ultra-low concentrations, unaffected by other ions, and undergoes a significant color transition from yellow to grey in response to La(III) presence. This change is linked to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorbance alteration. Extensive analytical methods like FTIR, XPS, AFM, FESEM, DLS, Zeta potential, and UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed that the sensor operates by aggregating nanoparticles induced by La(III). Adding to its practicality, we incorporated a smartphone interface with the paper-based sensor, enhancing its utility for on-the-spot, real-time detection. The sensor's efficacy was validated across various samples, including soil, rock, urine, drinking water, and industrial effluent, showing its versatility. With detection limits of 15 nM (colorimetric) and 280 nM (paper-based), and linear dynamic ranges from 0.05 to 100 µM and 0.5–100 µM respectively, this sensor marks a significant advancement, effectively bridging lab-based detection with field application needs.

中文翻译：

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智能手机集成间苯二酚大环封端银纳米颗粒 (RMF-AgNP) 探针，用于增强不同环境中 La(III) 的检测

在环境监测、生物医学研究和工业过程等关键领域，对镧 (La(III)) 的精确和响应检测的需求至关重要，这凸显了对先进传感器技术的需求。这项研究报告了一种高效且经济的制备间苯二酚大环骨架（RMF）封端的银纳米粒子（RMF-AgNPs）的方法。这些纳米粒子随后被用作 La(III) 的新型传感器，展示了双重功能：它们充当比色传感器和纸基探针。该传感器在同类产品中独一无二，擅长检测超低浓度的 La(III)，不受其他离子的影响，并且响应 La(III) 的存在而经历从黄色到灰色的显着颜色转变。这种变化与局域表面等离子共振 (LSPR) 吸光度变化有关。 FTIR、XPS、AFM、FESEM、DLS、Zeta 电位和 UV-Vis 光谱等广泛的分析方法证实，该传感器通过 La(III) 诱导聚集的纳米颗粒来工作。为了增加其实用性，我们将智能手机界面与纸质传感器结合在一起，增强了其现场实时检测的实用性。该传感器的功效在土壤、岩石、尿液、饮用水和工业废水等各种样品中得到了验证，显示了其多功能性。该传感器的检测限为 15 nM（比色）和 280 nM（纸质），线性动态范围分别为 0.05 至 100 µM 和 0.5–100 µM，标志着一项重大进步，有效地将实验室检测与现场应用联系起来需要。