The combined effects of Indigenous fire stewardship and lightning ignitions shaped historical fire regimes, landscape patterns, and available resources in many ecosystems globally. The resulting fire regimes created complex fire–vegetation dynamics that were further influenced by biophysical setting, disturbance history, and climate. While there is increasing recognition of Indigenous fire stewardship among western scientists and managers, the extent and purpose of cultural burning is generally absent from the landscape–fire modeling literature and our understanding of ecosystem processes and development. In collaboration with the Karuk Tribe Department of Natural Resources, we developed a transdisciplinary Monte Carlo simulation model of cultural ignition location, frequency, and timing to simulate spatially explicit cultural ignitions across a 264,399‐ha landscape within Karuk Aboriginal Territory in northern California. Estimates of cultural ignition parameters were developed with Tribal members and knowledge holders using existing interviews, historical maps, ethnographies, recent ecological studies, contemporary maps, and generational knowledge. Spatial and temporal attributes of cultural burning were explicitly tied to the ecology of specific cultural resources, fuel receptivity, seasonal movement patterns, and spiritual practices. Prior to colonization, cultural burning practices were extensive across the study landscape with an estimated 6972 annual ignitions, averaging approximately 6.5 ignitions per Indigenous fire steward per year. The ignition characteristics we document align closely with data on historical fire regimes and vegetation but differ substantially from the location and timing of contemporary ignitions. This work demonstrates the importance of cultural burning for developing and maintaining the ecosystems present at the time of colonization and underscores the need to work collaboratively with Indigenous communities to restore ecocultural processes in these systems.

中文翻译：

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融合土著和西方科学：量化卡鲁克土著领地的文化燃烧影响

本土火灾管理和闪电点火的综合影响塑造了全球许多生态系统的历史火灾状况、景观格局和可用资源。由此产生的火灾状况创造了复杂的火灾-植被动态，并进一步受到生物物理环境、干扰历史和气候的影响。虽然西方科学家和管理者越来越认识到本土火灾管理，但景观火灾模型文献以及我们对生态系统过程和发展的理解中普遍缺乏文化燃烧的程度和目的。我们与卡鲁克部落自然资源部合作，开发了一个关于文化点火位置、频率和时间的跨学科蒙特卡罗模拟模型，以模拟北加州卡鲁克原住民领地内 264,399 公顷景观中的空间明确的文化点火。文化点火参数的估计是与部落成员和知识持有者利用现有的访谈、历史地图、民族志、最近的生态研究、当代地图和代际知识一起制定的。文化燃烧的空间和时间属性与特定文化资源的生态、燃料接受性、季节性运动模式和精神实践明确相关。在殖民之前，文化焚烧行为在整个研究领域非常广泛，估计每年有 6972 次点火，平均每个原住民消防管理员每年大约有 6.5 次点火。我们记录的点火特征与历史火灾情况和植被的数据密切相关，但与当代点火的位置和时间有很大不同。这项工作证明了文化燃烧对于发展和维护殖民时期存在的生态系统的重要性，并强调需要与土著社区合作恢复这些系统中的生态文化过程。