With the development of electrostatic generators, air breakdown has become the main obstacle to further enhancing their output. Utilization of external circuitry to regulate the excited electric field strength in the generator's air gap for suppressing air breakdown is an effective approach. However, there is a lack of a standard metric for evaluating and optimizing its design. Here, we report a novel and standard metric utilizing plot to evaluate both the generator's output and upper limit, guiding its design under air breakdown limitation. Moreover, we introduce a concept of segmented tuning of the generator's gap electric field to expand the area of plot for enhancing the generators’ output. Integrated with the charge-excitation strategy, an ultrahigh charge density of 1.89 mC m⁻², energy density of 289 mJ m⁻² per cycle, and DC output power of 152 mW m⁻² Hz⁻¹ are all achieved at a 100 μm separation, capable of powering 20 portable calculators at 1 Hz. This study offers new insights to boost the electrostatic generators’ output under air breakdown limitation.

中文翻译：

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通过抑制空气击穿，通过低频和微动实现超高发电

随着静电发电机的发展，空气击穿已成为进一步提高其发电量的主要障碍。利用外部电路调节发电机气隙中的激发电场强度是抑制空气击穿的有效途径。然而，缺乏评估和优化其设计的标准指标。在这里，我们报告了一种新颖的标准指标，利用绘图来评估发电机的输出和上限，指导其在空气击穿限制下的设计。此外，我们引入了发电机间隙电场分段调谐的概念，以扩大绘图面积，从而提高发电机的输出。结合电荷激发策略，在100 μm的尺寸下实现了1.89 mC m ^{−2的超高电荷密度、每周期289 mJ m −2}的能量密度和152 mW m ⁻² Hz ⁻¹的直流输出功率。分离，能够以 1 Hz 为 20 个便携式计算器供电。这项研究为在空气击穿限制下提高静电发生器的输出提供了新的见解。