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Cosmic hide and seek: The volumetric rate of X-ray quasi-periodic eruptions
Astronomy & Astrophysics ( IF 6.5 ) Pub Date : 2024-04-16 , DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202348949
R. Arcodia , A. Merloni , J. Buchner , P. Baldini , G. Ponti , A. Rau , Z. Liu , K. Nandra , M. Salvato

Multiwavelength extragalactic nuclear transients, particularly those detectable as multi-messengers, are among the primary drivers for the next-generation observatories. X-ray quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs) are the most recent and perhaps most peculiar addition to this group. Here, we report a first estimate of the volumetric rate of QPEs based on the first four discoveries with the eROSITA X-ray telescope onboard the Spectrum Roentgen Gamma observatory. Under the assumption, supported by a suite of simulated light curves, that these four sources sample the intrinsic population somewhat homogeneously, we correct for their detection efficiency and compute a QPE abundance of Mpc−3 above an intrinsic average . Since the exact lifetime of QPEs (τlife) is currently not better defined than between a few years or few decades, we convert this to a formation rate of ℛvol/τlife ≈ 0.6 × 10−7(τlife/10 yr)−1 Mpc−3 yr−1. As a comparison, this value is a factor ∼10 τlife times smaller than the formation rate of tidal disruption events. The origin of QPEs is still debated, although lately most models suggest that they are the electromagnetic counterpart of extreme mass ratio inspirals (EMRIs). In this scenario, the QPE rate would thus be the first ever constraint (i.e. a lower limit) to the EMRI rate from observations alone. Future discoveries of QPEs and advances in their theoretical modeling will consolidate or rule out their use for constraining the number of EMRIs detectable by the LISA mission.

中文翻译:

宇宙捉迷藏:X射线准周期喷发的体积率

多波长河外核瞬变,特别是那些可作为多信使检测的核瞬变,是下一代天文台的主要驱动因素之一。 X射线准周期喷发(QPE)是这一群体中最新的、也许也是最奇特的。在这里,我们根据光谱伦琴伽马天文台上的 eROSITA X 射线望远镜的前四项发现报告了对 QPE 体积率的首次估计。在一组模拟光曲线的支持下,假设这四个源对内在总体进行了一定程度的均匀采样,我们校正了它们的检测效率并计算了高于内在平均值的Mpc -3的 QPE 丰度。由于 QPE 的确切寿命 ( τ life ) 目前还没有更好地定义为几年或几十年,因此我们将其转换为形成速率 ℛ vol / τ life  ≈ 0.6 × 10 −7 ( τ life /10 yr) −1 Mpc −3−1 。作为比较,该值比 潮汐破坏事件的形成率小约10 τ生命倍。 QPE 的起源仍然存在争议,尽管最近大多数模型表明它们是极端质量比螺旋 (EMRI) 的电磁对应物。在这种情况下,QPE 率因此将是仅根据观测对 EMRI 率的第一个约束(即下限)。 QPE 的未来发现及其理论模型的进步将巩固或排除它们在限制 LISA 任务可检测到的 EMRI 数量方面的用途。
更新日期:2024-04-16
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