Nanotechnology offers a viable solution to enhancing agricultural sustainability by supporting seed germination and crop growth. Besides augmenting crop yields and mitigating the effects of abiotic stresses on crops, nanoparticles (NPs) can also serve as carriers to amplify the effectiveness of fertilizers and pesticides by facilitating their gradual or highly targeted release. However, application of NPs in agricultural systems can result in interaction with crops and pave the way for transfer along the food chain, which raises concerns for consumers. To address these matters, this article provides a comprehensive review of the tracking of various NPs delivered to crops through different uptake pathways. Three types of NPs (including inorganic, carbon-based, and organic NPs) are highlighted for uptake, transport, and their impact on crop growth in agricultural crops. NPs can enter the plant via seeds, roots, and leaves, while the translocation of NPs mainly involves the apoplastic and symplastic pathways. The influence of NPs on plant growth highly depends on the specific plant species as well as the type, size, charge, and concentration of NPs. NPs emit fluorescence through inherent photoluminescence or in combination with fluorescent dyes, which enables monitoring of their distribution within the crop. The benefits and challenges of NPs are discussed, establishing signposts for future research that will enable NPs to contribute to precise and sustainable agriculture.

中文翻译：

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农作物中纳米颗粒的分类、吸收、易位和检测方法：综述

纳米技术为通过支持种子发芽和作物生长来增强农业可持续性提供了可行的解决方案。除了提高作物产量和减轻非生物胁迫对作物的影响外，纳米粒子（NP）还可以作为载体，通过促进肥料和农药的逐步或高度定向释放来增强肥料和农药的有效性。然而，纳米粒子在农业系统中的应用可能会导致与作物的相互作用，并为沿着食物链的转移铺平道路，这引起了消费者的担忧。为了解决这些问题，本文对通过不同吸收途径输送到作物的各种纳米粒子的跟踪进行了全面回顾。重点介绍了三种类型的纳米粒子（包括无机、碳基和有机纳米粒子）的吸收、运输及其对农作物生长的影响。纳米粒子可以通过种子、根和叶进入植物，而纳米粒子的易位主要涉及质外体和共质体途径。纳米颗粒对植物生长的影响很大程度上取决于具体的植物种类以及纳米颗粒的类型、大小、电荷和浓度。纳米颗粒通过固有的光致发光或与荧光染料结合发射荧光，从而能够监测它们在作物内的分布。讨论了纳米粒子的好处和挑战，为未来的研究奠定了路标，使纳米粒子能够为精准和可持续农业做出贡献。