While supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are widely observed in the nearby and distant Universe, their origin remains debated with two viable formation scenarios with light and heavy seeds. In the light seeding model, the seed of the first SMBHs form from the collapse of massive stars with masses of 10–100 M _⊙, while the heavy seeding model posits the formation of 10^4–5 M _⊙ seeds from direct collapse. The detection of SMBHs at redshifts z ≳ 10, edging closer to their formation epoch, provides critical observational discrimination between these scenarios. Here, we focus on the JWST-detected galaxy, GHZ 9, at z ≈ 10 that is lensed by the foreground cluster, A2744. Based on 2.1 Ms deep Chandra observations, we detect a candidate X-ray active galactic nucleus (AGN), which is spatially coincident with the high-redshift galaxy, GHZ 9. The SMBH candidate is inferred to have a bolometric luminosity of (1.0−0.4+0.5)×1046ergs−1 , which corresponds to a black hole (BH) mass of (8.0−3.2+3.7)×107M⊙ assuming Eddington-limited accretion. This extreme mass at such an early cosmic epoch suggests the heavy seed origin for this BH candidate. Based on the Chandra and JWST discoveries of extremely high-redshift quasars, we have constructed the first simple AGN luminosity function extending to z ≈ 10. Comparison of this luminosity function with theoretical models indicates an overabundant z ≈ 10 SMBH population, consistent with a higher-than-expected seed formation efficiency.

中文翻译：

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Z ≈ 10 引力透镜星系中的候选超大质量黑洞

虽然超大质量黑洞（SMBH）在附近和遥远的宇宙中被广泛观测到，但它们的起源仍然存在争议，有两种可行的形成场景，即轻种子和重种子。在光播种模型中，第一个SMBH的种子是由质量为10-100的大质量恒星的塌缩形成的中号 _⊙，而重播种模型假设形成 10 ^4–5 中号 _⊙种子直接塌陷。红移处SMBH的检测z≳ 10，逐渐接近其形成时代，提供了这些情景之间的关键观察区分。在这里，我们重点关注 JWST 检测到的星系 GHZ 9，位于z≈ 10 被前景星团 A2744 透镜化。基于 2.1 Ms 深钱德拉观测，我们检测到一个候选 X 射线活跃星系核 (AGN)，它在空间上与高红移星系 GHZ 9 重合。推测SMBH 候选者的辐射光度为 （1.0-0.4+0.5）×1046尔格s-1 ，对应于黑洞 (BH) 质量 （8.0-3.2+3.7）×107中号⊙ 假设爱丁顿吸积有限。在如此早期的宇宙时代出现的这种极端质量表明了这个 BH 候选者的重种子起源。基于钱德拉和 JWST 对极高红移类星体的发现，我们构建了第一个简单的 AGN 光度函数，扩展到z≈ 10。将该光度函数与理论模型进行比较表明存在过量z约 10SMBH 群体，与高于预期的种子形成效率一致。