With the increasing demand for energy and growing environmental concerns, sodium-ion batteries have garnered significant attention in recent years as a potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries. This is due to their low cost, environmental friendliness and abundant raw materials. In particular, manganese-based cathode materials have gained popularity for their high capacities and abundant precursor materials. However, poor air stability of these materials is a major hindrance to their commercialization. Due to the nature of the layered structure with large Na-ions, both carbon dioxide and moisture can cause cathode materials to deteriorate even after a few hours of exposure to air, which leads to a loss of structural and chemical integrity. The air stability of cathode materials is essential for manufacture, storage, performance, and long-term cycling of batteries. Several factors and mechanisms are reported to influence the air stability of these materials, such as the composition, the presence of dopants, the particle size, and the method of preparation. This review paper comprehensively investigates the causes, measurements, mechanisms, solutions, and future perspectives of air stability of cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

中文翻译：

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揭开钠离子电池阴极材料的空气/湿度稳定性：表征、合理设计和前景

随着能源需求的不断增加和环境问题的日益严重，钠离子电池作为锂离子电池的潜在替代品近年来引起了人们的广泛关注。这是由于其成本低廉、环保且原材料丰富。特别是锰基正极材料因其高容量和丰富的前驱体材料而受到欢迎。然而，这些材料的空气稳定性差是其商业化的主要障碍。由于具有大量钠离子的层状结构的性质，即使在暴露于空气中几个小时后，二氧化碳和水分也会导致阴极材料变质，从而导致结构和化学完整性的丧失。正极材料的空气稳定性对于电池的制造、储存、性能和长期循环至关重要。据报道，有几个因素和机制会影响这些材料的空气稳定性，例如成分、掺杂剂的存在、粒径和制备方法。这篇综述全面研究了钠离子电池正极材料空气稳定性的原因、测量、机制、解决方案和未来前景。