The Tibetan Plateau and surrounding regions played a pivotal role in the spread of foxtail millet () and broomcorn millet () since the late Neolithic period. However, previous research failed to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution and associated environmental factors. Herein, we collected foxtail and broomcorn millet data from 113 Late Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in the Tibetan Plateau region to reconstruct the spatiotemporal distribution, and integrated palaeoclimatic data to identify the extent of environmental factors influencing the distribution using the Maximum Entropy (MaxENT) model and Growing Degree Day (GDD) model. Our results show that the spatiotemporal distribution of millets can be classified into three routes and four stages during 6000–3500 cal yr BP. Millet agriculture thrived predominantly in areas below 2500 m asl with average summer temperature ranging from 15 to 25 °C. Temperature exerts the most significant influence on the dispersal process, followed by precipitation, distance from reliable water sources, and altitude. These findings provide important environmental insights into the spatiotemporal distribution of millets and dispersal routes surrounding the Tibetan Plateau.

中文翻译：

---

环境因素对青藏高原及周边地区新石器时代晚期至青铜时代遗址粟时空分布的影响

自新石器时代晚期以来，青藏高原及周边地区对谷子和黍的传播起到了关键作用。然而，先前的研究未能分析其时空分布和相关的环境因素。在此，我们收集了青藏高原地区113个新石器时代晚期和青铜时代遗址的狐尾和黍数据来重建时空分布，并利用最大熵（MaxENT）模型整合古气候数据来识别环境因素影响分布的程度。和生长度日（GDD）模型。结果表明，6000~3500cal yr BP期间，小米的时空分布可分为3条路线、4个阶段。小米农业主要在海拔 2500 米以下的地区蓬勃发展，夏季平均气温为 15 至 25 °C。温度对扩散过程的影响最为显着，其次是降水量、距可靠水源的距离和海拔。这些发现为了解青藏高原周围小米的时空分布和扩散路线提供了重要的环境见解。