In countries with a planned economy history, numerous actors interested in ecosystem services (ES) have emerged over the last decades. The power these actors exert is crucial to the promotion of their interests. The case study from central Slovakia aimed to determine who the most powerful actors are and, via the actor-centered power approach and actor analysis, to assess their power in trade-offs between ES in forest management. The actor analysis involved the identification of key actors and 38 subsequent in-person interviews. The results showed that the actors whose income depended on the sale of timber and fuelwood were predominantly interested in production ES, whereas the other actors were generally interested in supporting, regulating and cultural ES. This situation should not be surprising as interest conflicts of varying intensity naturally occur in multifunctional forest management. The identified trade-offs between ES however, were powered predominantly by conflicting policies and by information asymmetry. While governmental actors used various power elements (coercion, incentives, unverified information), the non-governmental actors relied mainly on unverified information. Due to existing power and governance imbalances among the actors, the forest policies were weak or further weakened by different interests. Although various actors have emerged in the last decades, only a few have real power in forest management, specifically governmental actors in forestry and (non) governmental actors in nature protection, (non) state forest enterprises and timber processing businesses. Certain actors benefited from this situation, often causing even more institutional erosion, resource plunder, bias towards promoting certain coalitions of interests or information asymmetry.

中文翻译：

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评估影响森林管理的生态系统服务权衡中的行动者力量——斯洛伐克中部的案例研究

在具有计划经济历史的国家中，过去几十年中出现了许多对生态系统服务（ES）感兴趣的参与者。这些行为者所施加的权力对于促进他们的利益至关重要。斯洛伐克中部的案例研究旨在确定谁是最有权势的行为者，并通过以行为者为中心的权力方法和行为者分析，评估他们在森林管理 ES 之间权衡的权力。演员分析涉及关键演员的识别和随后的 38 次面对面访谈。结果表明，收入依赖于木材和薪材销售的参与者主要对生产ES感兴趣，而其他参与者普遍对支持、监管和文化ES感兴趣。这种情况并不奇怪，因为在多功能森林经营中自然会出现不同程度的利益冲突。然而，ES 之间已确定的权衡主要是由政策冲突和信息不对称推动的。政府行为者使用各种权力要素（强制、激励、未经证实的信息），而非政府行为者主要依赖未经证实的信息。由于行为体之间现有的权力和治理失衡，森林政策很弱，或者被不同利益进一步削弱。尽管过去几十年中出现了各种行为体，但只有少数行为体在森林管理方面拥有实权，特别是林业领域的政府行为体和自然保护领域的（非）政府行为体、（非）国有林业企业和木材加工企业。某些行为者从这种情况中受益，往往导致更多的制度侵蚀、资源掠夺、偏向于促进某些利益联盟或信息不对称。