Vanadium is a strategic metal with extensive applications in steel production and emerging energy technologies. In vanadium metallurgy, the pivotal steps encompass the roasting of vanadium slag, leaching, and precipitation of vanadium. The roasting process, which involves elements such as sodium, calcium, manganese, and magnesium, facilitates the phase transformation and extraction of vanadium. Considering the phase separation behavior of vanadium-enriched phases (MVO, MVO, or MVO) in various leaching media, including acid, alkali, and water, the wet decomposition of these phases can be classified into two categories: (i) those yielding insoluble M and soluble V and (ii) those resulting in both soluble M and V. Thermodynamically, the reaction equilibrium constants and temperature profiles of the vanadium-rich phases in various acid and alkaline decomposition processes were calculated and juxtaposed. This review also reports the limiting factors of leaching kinetics of vanadium-rich phases in acid and alkaline decomposition processes, particularly the separation and transformation of vanadium-rich phases in calcified vanadium slag. The vanadium precipitation process encompasses a detailed elaboration of the mechanisms behind the precipitation of hydrolyzed vanadium product and ammonium‑vanadium product. Finally, the vanadium slag roasting-leaching‑vanadium precipitation process was evaluated from four aspects: principle, laboratory and plant practice, resource and environment, and cost and benefit.

中文翻译：

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钒渣焙烧产品浸出、分离和回收钒的研究进展

钒是一种战略金属，在钢铁生产和新兴能源技术中有着广泛的应用。在钒冶金中，关键步骤包括钒渣的焙烧、浸出和钒的沉淀。焙烧过程涉及钠、钙、锰和镁等元素，有利于钒的相变和提取。考虑到富钒相（MVO、MVO 或 MVO）在各种浸出介质（包括酸、碱和水）中的相分离行为，这些相的湿分解可分为两类：（i）产生不溶物的相M 和可溶性 V 以及 (ii) 那些同时产生可溶性 M 和 V 的物质。在热力学上，计算并并置了各种酸和碱分解过程中富钒相的反应平衡常数和温度分布。该综述还报道了酸和碱分解过程中富钒相浸出动力学的限制因素，特别是钙化钒渣中富钒相的分离和转化。钒沉淀过程包括对水解钒产品和铵钒产品沉淀背后机制的详细阐述。最后从原理、实验室和工厂实践、资源与环境、成本与效益四个方面对钒渣焙烧-浸出-沉钒工艺进行了评价。