Hypertension is a leading risk factor for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite current anti-hypertensive therapies, most individuals with hypertension fail to achieve adequate blood pressure control. Moreover, even with adequate control, a residual risk of cardiovascular events and associated organ damage remains. These findings suggest that current treatment modalities are not addressing a key element of the underlying pathology. Emerging evidence implicates immune cells as key mediators in the development and progression of hypertension. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of the diverse roles of innate and adaptive immune cells in hypertension, highlighting key findings from human and rodent studies. We explore mechanisms by which these immune cells promote hypertensive pathophysiology, shedding light on their multifaceted involvement. In addition, we highlight advances in our understanding of autoimmunity, HIV and immune checkpoints that provide valuable insight into mechanisms of chronic and dysregulated inflammation in hypertension.

高血压是全世界发病率和死亡率的主要危险因素。尽管目前有抗高血压治疗，大多数高血压患者仍无法实现充分的血压控制。此外，即使得到充分的控制，心血管事件和相关器官损伤的残余风险仍然存在。这些发现表明，当前的治疗方式并未解决潜在病理学的关键要素。新的证据表明免疫细胞是高血压发生和进展的关键介质。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了目前对先天性和适应性免疫细胞在高血压中的不同作用的理解，强调了人类和啮齿动物研究的关键发现。我们探索这些免疫细胞促进高血压病理生理学的机制，揭示它们的多方面参与。此外，我们强调了我们对自身免疫、艾滋病毒和免疫检查点理解的进展，这些进展为高血压慢性和失调炎症的机制提供了宝贵的见解。