This study evaluates the effects of two exogenous interventions targeting residential consumers using both pecuniary and nonpecuniary incentives, with the potential of increasing the moral and monetary costs of water use. The first intervention provided households with personalized reports including normative information regarding household water use compared with neighbors. The second intervention consisted of an exogenous change in water tariffs. The timing of the interventions provides a unique opportunity to separately assess both the individual and combined effects of each policy instrument. The empirical analysis was conducted on the same sample households assessed in the field experiment by , whose behavior was followed one year after implementation. The results reveal that both nonpecuniary and pecuniary incentives significantly reduce water use when each instrument is applied separately, with the change in tariffs generating larger reductions in water use, compared with information provision, at 11% vs. 7%, respectively. However, the effectiveness of the combined policy depends on the setting of implementation. While the differentiated effects of the social information campaign associated with the change in tariffs suggest this policy remains effective, the evidence also suggests potential crowding-out effects arising upon the introduction of the new tariff regime. The largest reductions in water use are achieved when the instruments are jointly implemented. Findings shed light on the importance of accurately defining the timing and order of the interventions to maximize their impact on resource conservation.

中文翻译：

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推动与价格：节水计划的教训和挑战

本研究使用金钱和非金钱激励措施评估了两种针对居民消费者的外源干预措施的效果，这些干预措施可能会增加用水的道德和货币成本。第一项干预措施为家庭提供个性化报告，包括与邻居相比的家庭用水情况的规范信息。第二项干预措施包括水费的外生变化。干预措施的时机提供了一个独特的机会来单独评估每种政策工具的单独效果和综合效果。实证分析是对现场试验中评估的相同样本家庭进行的，并在实施一年后跟踪其行为。结果表明，单独应用每种工具时，非金钱和金钱激励措施都会显着减少用水量，与信息提供相比，关税变化产生的用水量减少幅度更大，分别为 11% 和 7%。然而，综合政策的有效性取决于实施环境。虽然与关税变化相关的社会信息运动的差异化效果表明该政策仍然有效，但证据也表明引入新关税制度可能产生潜在的挤出效应。当这些手段联合实施时，可以最大程度地减少用水量。研究结果揭示了准确定义干预措施的时间和顺序以最大限度地提高对资源保护的影响的重要性。