Plant diseases cause famines, drive human migration, and present challenges to agricultural sustainability as pathogen ranges shift under climate change. Plant breeders discovered Mendelian genetic loci conferring disease resistance to specific pathogen isolates over 100 years ago. Subsequent breeding for disease resistance underpins modern agriculture and, along with the emergence and focus on model plants for genetics and genomics research, has provided rich resources for molecular biological exploration over the last 50 years. These studies led to the identification of extracellular and intracellular receptors that convert recognition of extracellular microbe-encoded molecular patterns or intracellular pathogen-delivered virulence effectors into defense activation. These receptor systems, and downstream responses, define plant immune systems that have evolved since the migration of plants to land ∼500 million years ago. Our current understanding of plant immune systems provides the platform for development of rational resistance enhancement to control the many diseases that continue to plague crop production.

中文翻译：

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植物免疫系统：从发现到部署

植物病害会导致饥荒，推动人类迁徙，并随着气候变化下病原体范围的变化而对农业可持续发展带来挑战。植物育种家在 100 多年前就发现了孟德尔遗传位点，该位点赋予特定病原体分离株抗病性。随后的抗病育种是现代农业的基础，随着用于遗传学和基因组学研究的模式植物的出现和关注，过去 50 年为分子生物学探索提供了丰富的资源。这些研究导致了细胞外和细胞内受体的鉴定，这些受体将对细胞外微生物编码的分子模式或细胞内病原体传递的毒力效应物的识别转化为防御激活。这些受体系统和下游反应定义了自 5 亿年前植物迁移到陆地以来不断进化的植物免疫系统。我们目前对植物免疫系统的了解为开发合理的抗性增强方法提供了平台，以控制继续困扰作物生产的许多疾病。