Adaptive immunity provides protection against infectious and malignant diseases. These effects are mediated by lymphocytes that sense and respond with targeted precision to perturbations induced by pathogens and tissue damage. Here, we review key principles underlying adaptive immunity orchestrated by distinct T cell and B cell populations and their extensions to disease therapies. We discuss the intracellular and intercellular processes shaping antigen specificity and recognition in immune activation and lymphocyte functions in mediating effector and memory responses. We also describe how lymphocytes balance protective immunity against autoimmunity and immunopathology, including during immune tolerance, response to chronic antigen stimulation, and adaptation to non-lymphoid tissues in coordinating tissue immunity and homeostasis. Finally, we discuss extracellular signals and cell-intrinsic programs underpinning adaptive immunity and conclude by summarizing key advances in vaccination and engineering adaptive immune responses for therapeutic interventions. A deeper understanding of these principles holds promise for uncovering new means to improve human health.

中文翻译：

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适应性免疫的原理和治疗应用

适应性免疫可预防传染病和恶性疾病。这些效应是由淋巴细胞介导的，淋巴细胞能够精确地感知病原体和组织损伤引起的扰动并做出反应。在这里，我们回顾了由不同的 T 细胞和 B 细胞群精心策划的适应性免疫的关键原理及其对疾病治疗的扩展。我们讨论了形成免疫激活中的抗原特异性和识别的细胞内和细胞间过程以及介导效应和记忆反应的淋巴细胞功能。我们还描述了淋巴细胞如何平衡针对自身免疫和免疫病理的保护性免疫，包括在免疫耐受期间、对慢性抗原刺激的反应以及在协调组织免疫和稳态中对非淋巴组织的适应。最后，我们讨论了支撑适应性免疫的细胞外信号和细胞内在程序，并总结了疫苗接种和设计适应性免疫反应以进行治疗干预的关键进展。对这些原则的更深入理解有望发现改善人类健康的新方法。