Urban pollution significantly influences historic building preservation via chemical, physical, and biological processes. To plan heritage structure restoration, we must study fired brick mineralogy and its correlation with firing temperature. We must also examine how atmospheric pollutants have affected surface composition over time. This study analyzes medieval bricks from seven medieval buildings in Brașov, Romania. We used physicochemical methods (XRD, SEM-EDS, and FTIR-ATR) to identify brick minerals, estimate firing temperatures, and investigate weathering compounds due to pollutants. Samples show quartz, clay minerals (muscovite, illite, palygorskite/smectite anh., kaolinite anh.), feldspars (microcline, orthoclase, albite, andesine), and carbonates (calcite) (for the bricks estimated to be fired at ∼800 °C); sanidine, gelhenite (for the bricks estimated to be fired at ∼950 °C); anorthite, wollastonite, diopside, spinel, mullite (for the bricks estimated to be fired at ∼1100 °C). Weathering varies by mineralogy, firing temperature, location, and pollutants, including efflorescence (CaCO), black crust (gypsum, calcite), and organic/bio-organic compounds. Mitigation strategies based on physicochemical studies aim to protect cultural heritage from pollution's adverse effects for future generations. This study is vital globally for preserving cultural heritage, offering insights into mitigating the impact of pollution on historic buildings. It aids in developing universal conservation strategies, ensuring our shared past's longevity and aesthetic value.

中文翻译：

---

布拉索夫（罗马尼亚特兰西瓦尼亚）历史建筑中世纪砖块上的污染物和风化化合物

城市污染通过化学、物理和生物过程显着影响历史建筑的保护。为了规划遗产结构的修复，我们必须研究烧制砖的矿物学及其与烧制温度的相关性。我们还必须研究大气污染物如何随着时间的推移影响表面成分。这项研究分析了罗马尼亚布拉索夫七座中世纪建筑的中世纪砖块。我们使用物理化学方法（XRD、SEM-EDS 和 FTIR-ATR）来识别砖矿物、估计烧成温度并研究污染物引起的风化化合物。样品显示石英、粘土矿物（白云母、伊利石、坡缕石/蒙皂石 anh.、高岭石 anh.）、长石（微斜长石、正长石、钠长石、中长石）和碳酸盐（方解石）（估计在 ∼800 ° 下烧制的砖） C）; Sanidine、gelhenite（用于估计在 ∼950 °C 下烧制的砖）；钙长石、硅灰石、透辉石、尖晶石、莫来石（估计在 ∼1100 °C 下烧制的砖）。风化因矿物学、烧制温度、地点和污染物而异，包括风化物 (CaCO)、黑壳（石膏、方解石）和有机/生物有机化合物。基于物理化学研究的缓解策略旨在保护文化遗产免受污染对子孙后代的不利影响。这项研究对于全球保护文化遗产至关重要，为减轻污染对历史建筑的影响提供了见解。它有助于制定普遍的保护战略，确保我们共同的过去的长寿和审美价值。