Lithium–metal batteries with solid electrolyte separators promise improvements in energy density, fast charge capability, and safety. However, the lack of control of the solid electrolyte–lithium–metal interface continues to impede development. Interlayers between lithium–metal and the solid electrolyte are reported to improve performance but have limitations due to stability, rate limitations, and the use of undesirable elements (e.g., Ag, Au). Here, we show that a thin layer of the abundant metal Sn provides the required stability and transport properties to enable commercially relevant current densities (5 mA cm^–2) and external pressures (0.3 MPa) at room temperature in Li₇La₃Zr₇O₁₂ (LLZO) hybrid cells. Moreover, these Sn interlayer full cells constructed with NMC cathodes (areal capacity of ∼2.5 mAh cm^–2) show no capacity loss for over 500 cycles under symmetric C/3 cycling. Both the interlayer phase behavior and Li transport properties are proposed to underpin the performance of metal-alloy interlayers as indicated by electrochemical and in situ and ex situ characterization techniques.

中文翻译：

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通过锡夹层实现高倍率且稳定的 LLZO 基锂金属电池

具有固体电解质隔膜的锂金属电池有望提高能量密度、快速充电能力和安全性。然而，缺乏对固体电解质-锂-金属界面的控制继续阻碍着发展。据报道，锂金属和固体电解质之间的中间层可以提高性能，但由于稳定性、速率限制和不良元素（例如银、金）的使用而受到限制。在这里，我们表明，丰富的金属 Sn 薄层提供了所需的稳定性和传输特性，以在室温下在 Li ₇ La ₃ Zr _{7中实现商业相关的电流密度 (5 mA cm} ^–2 ) 和外部压力 (0.3 MPa) O ₁₂ (LLZO) 杂交细胞。此外，这些由 NMC 正极构建的 Sn 夹层全电池（面积容量为 ∼2.5 mAh cm ^–2）在对称 C/3 循环下超过 500 次循环后没有显示出容量损失。电化学、原位和非原位表征技术表明，层间相行为和锂传输特性都可以支撑金属合金中间层的性能。