Climate change and urbanization are two of the most prominent global drivers of biodiversity and ecosystem change. Fully understanding, predicting and mitigating the biological impacts of climate change and urbanization are not possible in isolation, especially given their growing importance in shaping human society. Here we develop an integrated framework for understanding and predicting the joint effects of climate change and urbanization on ecology, evolution and their eco-evolutionary interactions. We review five examples of interactions and then present five hypotheses that offer opportunities for predicting biodiversity and its interaction with human social and cultural systems under future scenarios. We also discuss research opportunities and ways to design resilient landscapes that address both biological and societal concerns.

气候变化和城市化是生物多样性和生态系统变化的两个最重要的全球驱动因素。单独地充分理解、预测和减轻气候变化和城市化的生物影响是不可能的，特别是考虑到它们在塑造人类社会方面日益重要。在这里，我们开发了一个综合框架，用于理解和预测气候变化和城市化对生态、进化及其生态进化相互作用的联合影响。我们回顾了五个相互作用的例子，然后提出了五个假设，为预测未来情景下的生物多样性及其与人类社会和文化系统的相互作用提供了机会。我们还讨论了设计弹性景观以解决生物和社会问题的研究机会和方法。