Converting mechanical energy into direct-current electric power based on the tribovoltaic effect is a typical characteristic of tribovoltaic nanogenerators (TVNGs). Although this newly discovered physics effect has been devoted to numerous research studies recently, a generalized theoretical model is still missing, thus unable to comprehensively elaborate the working principles of TVNG. Unlike previous qualitative explanations restricted to the conventional diffusion-drift theory, a new theoretical model is proposed according to classical semiconductor physics. Using the model, the governing equation of a TVNG is derived for the first time, which provides possibilities for revealing the variations of basic physical variables whether within the device or in an external circuit. The direct-current output is suggested to be the coupling of the tribovoltaic effect and contact electrification; in detail, it directly results from the movement and realignment of quasi-Fermi levels for excess carriers that are contiguous to the junction/contacting interface under non-equilibrium conditions. Moreover, an equivalent circuit model is established, equivalent to a constant current source parallel to a p–n junction diode according to the lumped parameter circuit theory. Notably, a new term, mechano-induced electric field EM, is defined and introduced to describe the impact of triboelectric charges at interfaces. Furthermore, using the COMSOL Multiphysics software, a dynamic simulation model for TVNGs is proposed, allowing the simulation and calculation of various TVNGs with different geometric constructions and charge distributions.

中文翻译：

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摩擦伏纳米发电机的广义模型

基于摩擦伏特效应将机械能转换为直流电能是摩擦伏特纳米发电机（TVNG）的典型特征。尽管这一新发现的物理效应近年来已投入大量研究，但仍缺乏通用的理论模型，因此无法全面阐述TVNG的工作原理。与之前仅限于传统扩散漂移理论的定性解释不同，根据经典半导体物理学提出了一种新的理论模型。利用该模型，首次推导了TVNG的控制方程，为揭示器件内或外部电路中基本物理变量的变化提供了可能。建议直流输出是摩擦伏特效应和接触起电的耦合；详细来说，它是由非平衡条件下邻近结/接触界面的多余载流子的准费米能级的移动和重新排列直接导致的。此外，根据集总参数电路理论，建立了等效电路模型，相当于一个与p-n结二极管并联的恒流源。值得注意的是，定义并引入了一个新术语“机械感应电场 EM”来描述界面处摩擦电荷的影响。此外，利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件，提出了TVNG的动态仿真模型，允许对具有不同几何结构和电荷分布的各种TVNG进行仿真和计算。