Tremendous progress has been made in improving cancer immunotherapy, which is now established as a pillar for cancer treatment. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) enhance antitumoral T cell responses by blocking interactions of the inhibitory receptors cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) or programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) that are expressed on T cells with their ligands. ICIs are used to treat a variety of cancer types, including melanoma, non–small cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma (1), with patients often displaying long-lasting responses. Nevertheless, a substantial proportion of patients do not respond to ICIs (1), and the gut microbiome has been identified as a key modulator of ICI effectiveness (2–4). Diet strongly influences gut microbial composition and function. On page 428 of this issue, Giampazolias et al. (5) report the identification of vitamin D as a dietary component involved in promoting microbial regulation of responses to ICI therapy in mice.

中文翻译：

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微生物和维生素 D 有助于免疫治疗

在改善癌症免疫疗法方面取得了巨大进展，现已成为癌症治疗的支柱。免疫检查点抑制剂 (ICIs) 通过阻断 T 细胞上表达的抑制性受体细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞相关蛋白 4 (CTLA-4) 或程序性细胞死亡蛋白 1 (PD-1) 与其配体的相互作用来增强抗肿瘤 T 细胞反应。 ICI 用于治疗多种癌症类型，包括黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌和肾细胞癌 ( 1 )，患者通常会表现出持久的反应。然而，相当一部分患者对 ICI 没有反应 ( 1 )，而肠道微生物组已被确定为 ICI 有效性的关键调节因素 ( 2 – 4 )。饮食强烈影响肠道微生物的组成和功能。在本期第 428 页，Giampazolias等人。 ( 5 ) 报道了维生素 D 被鉴定为一种膳食成分，参与促进小鼠对 ICI 治疗反应的微生物调节。