The Radiation protection is of paramount importance in the planning of human exploration activities in space. The related risks must be considered with respect to two aspects: devising a proper shielding and providing answers to the requirement of an effective dosimetry evaluation in astronaut's activities. Both aspects have been considered using the Monte Carlo (MC) code MCNP 6.2 as the reference tool. As case study an application devised for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Artemis program has been chosen. The project aims to establish a sustainable human presence on the Moon, envisioning the realization of an outpost that will serve as a steppingstone for space exploration endeavors. A Class III shelter, in situ resource utilization (ISRU) built habitat for the Moon, has been designed through computational methods and topology optimization techniques, and analyzed in terms of radiation shielding performances and the strictly related structural behavior. The outpost must be able to withstand temperature variations, micrometeorite impacts, and the absence of a substantial atmosphere. Any solution studied to respect the constraints must devise robust and innovative materials and techniques to create habitats that have as goal the shielding from the Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) and from the solar flares to provide a safe and habitable environment at the time scales scheduled for the missions. Moreover, the outpost design must incorporate strategies for extracting and utilizing local resources. Overcoming such challenges will pave the way for the establishment of a sustainable human presence on the Moon and serve as a crucial leap for future space exploration missions.

中文翻译：

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太空探索中剂量测定问题的蒙特卡罗分析

辐射防护对于人类太空探索活动的规划至关重要。必须从两个方面考虑相关风险：设计适当的屏蔽并为宇航员活动中有效剂量测定评估的要求提供答案。使用蒙特卡罗 (MC) 代码 MCNP 6.2 作为参考工具考虑了这两个方面。我们选择了为美国国家航空航天局 (NASA) Artemis 计划设计的应用程序作为案例研究。该项目旨在建立人类在月球上的可持续存在，设想建立一个前哨基地，作为太空探索努力的垫脚石。三级掩体，即就地资源利用（ISRU）建造的月球栖息地，通过计算方法和拓扑优化技术进行了设计，并从辐射屏蔽性能和严格相关的结构行为方面进行了分析。该前哨基地必须能够承受温度变化、微陨石撞击和缺乏大气层的影响。任何为尊重这些限制而研究的解决方案都必须设计出坚固且创新的材料和技术来创建栖息地，其目标是屏蔽银河宇宙射线（GCR）和太阳耀斑，从而在预定的时间范围内提供安全和宜居的环境任务。此外，前哨基地的设计必须纳入提取和利用当地资源的策略。克服这些挑战将为人类在月球上建立可持续存在铺平道路，并成为未来太空探索任务的关键飞跃。