Metal–support interactions, which are essential for the design of supported metal catalysts, used, e.g., for CO₂ activation, are still only partially understood. In this study of gold-loaded In₂O₃ and CeO₂ catalysts during CO₂ hydrogenation using near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, supported by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure, we demonstrate that the role of the noble metal strongly depends upon the choice of the support material. Temperature-dependent analyses of X-ray photoelectron spectra under reaction conditions reveal that gold is reduced on CeO₂, enabling direct H₂ activation, but oxidized on In₂O₃, leading to decreased activity of Au/In₂O₃ compared to bare In₂O₃. At elevated temperatures, the catalytic activity of the In₂O₃ catalysts strongly increases as a result of facilitated CO₂ and (In₂O₃-based) H₂ activation, while the catalytic activity of Au/CeO₂ is limited by reoxidation by CO₂. Our results underline the importance of operando studies for understanding metal–support interactions to enable a rational support selection in the future.

中文翻译：

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金属-载体相互作用对于 CO2 加氢的重要性：载金 In2O3 和 CeO2 催化剂的近常压 X 射线光电子能谱研究

_{金属-载体相互作用对于设计用于例如CO 2}活化的负载型金属催化剂至关重要，但人们对金属-载体相互作用的了解仍然只有部分。在这项对 CO _{2加氢过程中负载金的 In 2} O ₃和 CeO ₂催化剂的研究中，我们使用近环境压力 X 射线光电子能谱，在近边缘 X 射线吸收精细结构的支持下，证明了贵金属的作用很大程度上取决于支撑材料的选择。反应条件下 X 射线光电子能谱的温度依赖性分析表明，金在 CeO ₂上被还原，从而能够直接激活 H ₂，但在 In ₂ O ₃上被氧化，导致 Au/In ₂ O ₃的活性与裸露相比降低在₂ O ₃。在升高的温度下，由于促进了CO ₂和（In ₂ O ₃基）H _{2活化，In 2} O ₃催化剂的催化活性强烈增加，而Au/CeO ₂的催化活性受到再氧化的限制二氧化碳₂。我们的结果强调了操作研究对于理解金属-支撑相互作用的重要性，以实现未来合理的支撑选择。