Humans select vegetable crops with desirable traits via a complex evolutionary process called domestication, generating a variety of cultivars worldwide. With advances in sequencing technologies, genomic scans for “signatures of selection” are widely used to identify target loci of selection. In the early phases of domestication, humans tended to favor similar sets of phenotypes in diverse crops, resulting in “domestication syndrome” and parallel evolution in multiple species. Subsequently, adaptation to distinct environments or different consumer preferences have diversified crop cultivars. Here, we review molecular and population genetic studies on genes affecting trait evolution during this complex process. We emphasize that, depending on interactions among different types of selection (directional selection within or divergent selection between groups), the genetic architecture of the target trait (Mendelian or polygenic), and the origin of the causal variant (new mutation or standing variation), the resulting molecular patterns of variation can be highly diverse. Situations in which the typical hard selective sweep model could be applied may be limited. Therefore, it is crucial to obtain a thorough understanding of the target species’ historical, environmental, and ecological contexts.

中文翻译：

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不同类型的选择和遗传结构塑造了蔬菜作物驯化过程中的分子变异

人类通过称为驯化的复杂进化过程选择具有理想性状的蔬菜作物，在世界范围内产生了多种品种。随着测序技术的进步，“选择签名”的基因组扫描被广泛用于识别选择的目标基因座。在驯化的早期阶段，人类倾向于偏爱不同作物的相似表型，导致“驯化综合症”和多个物种的平行进化。随后，为了适应不同的环境或不同的消费者偏好，作物品种变得多样化。在这里，我们回顾了在这一复杂过程中影响性状进化的基因的分子和群体遗传学研究。我们强调，取决于不同类型选择之间的相互作用（群体内的定向选择或群体之间的发散选择）、目标性状的遗传结构（孟德尔或多基因）以及因果变异的起源（新突变或长期变异） ，由此产生的分子变异模式可以是高度多样化的。可以应用典型的硬选择性扫描模型的情况可能是有限的。因此，全面了解目标物种的历史、环境和生态背景至关重要。