STUDY QUESTION What is the burden of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) at the global, regional, and national levels across 21 regions and 204 countries and territories? SUMMARY ANSWER Over the past few decades, the global prevalent cases of PMS have grown significantly from 652.5 million in 1990 to 956.0 million in 2019, representing a 46.5% increase. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY PMS, which affects almost half of reproductive women worldwide, has substantial social, occupational, academic, and psychological effects on women’s lives. However, no comprehensive and detailed epidemiological estimates of PMS by age and socio-demographic index (SDI) at global, regional, and national levels have been reported. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION An age- and SDI-stratified systematic analysis of the prevalence and years lived with disability (YLD) of PMS by age and SDI across 21 regions and 204 countries and territories has been performed. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The prevalence and YLD of PMS from 1990 to 2019 were retrieved directly from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2019 study. The number, rates per 100 000 persons, and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) of prevalence and YLD were estimated at the global, regional, and national levels. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Globally, the prevalent cases of PMS increased by 46.5% from 652.5 million in 1990 to 956.0 million in 2019; in contrast, however, the age-standardized prevalence rate was approximately stable at 24 431.15/100 000 persons in 1990 and 24 406.51/100 000 persons in 2019 (AAPC, 0[95% CI: −0.01 to 0.01]). Globally, the YLD was 8.0 million in 2019 and 5.4 million in 1990, with a sizable increase over the past 30 years. The age-standardized YLD rate was stable (AAPC 0.01, P = 0.182), at 203.45/100 000 persons in 1990 and 203.76/100 000 persons in 2019. The age-standardized burden estimates were the highest in the low-middle SDI regions and the lowest in the high SDI regions. Peaks in burden rate estimates were all observed in the 40–44 years age group. Regional age-standardized burden estimates were the highest in South Asia and the lowest in Western Sub-Saharan Africa. The national age-standardized burden estimates were the highest in Pakistan and the lowest in Niger. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The accuracy of the results depended on the quality and quantity of the GBD 2019 data. Fortunately, the GBD study endeavoured to retrieve data globally and applied multiple models to optimize the completeness, accuracy, and reliability of the data. In addition, the GBD study took the country as its basic unit and neglected the influence of race. Further study is warranted to compare differences in PMS burden associated with race. Finally, no data are available on the aetiology and risk information related to PMS, which might help us to better understand the trends and age distribution of PMS and help local governments formulate more detailed policies and comprehensive interventions. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Although the age-standardized prevalence/YLD rate has been stable over the past 30 years, the absolute number of prevalent cases and YLD grew significantly worldwide from 1990 to 2019. Public health-related policies should be implemented to reduce the prevalence and alleviate the symptoms of PMS. Lifestyle changes and cognitive-behavioral therapy are critical in helping to reduce the burden of PMS. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant number 2022YFC2704100) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82001498, No. 82371648). The authors declare no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.

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1990-2019 年全球、区域和国家经前综合症负担：基于 2019 年全球疾病负担研究的分析

研究问题 经前综合症 (PMS) 在 21 个地区和 204 个国家和地区的全球、区域和国家层面造成的负担是什么？摘要：在过去的几十年里，全球经前综合症患病人数大幅增长，从 1990 年的 6.525 亿例增加到 2019 年的 9.560 亿例，增长了 46.5%。已知的情况 经前综合症影响着全世界近一半的育龄妇女，对妇女的生活具有重大的社会、职业、学术和心理影响。然而，目前尚未报道全球、区域和国家层面按年龄和社会人口指数 (SDI) 进行的经前综合症 (PMS) 的全面、详细的流行病学估计。研究设计、规模、持续时间 我们对 21 个地区和 204 个国家和地区的 PMS 患病率和残疾寿命 (YLD) 进行了年龄和 SDI 分层系统分析，按年龄和 SDI 进行分析。参与者/材料、背景、方法 1990 年至 2019 年 PMS 的患病率和 YLD 直接从全球疾病负担 (GBD) 2019 研究中检索。在全球、区域和国家层面估算了患病率和 YLD 的数量、每 10 万人的发病率以及年均百分比变化 (AAPC)。主要结果和机会的作用 在全球范围内，经前综合症的流行病例从 1990 年的 6.525 亿增加到 2019 年的 9.560 亿，增加了 46.5%；然而，相比之下，1990年年龄标准化患病率大致稳定在24 431.15/10万人，2019年为24 406.51/10万人（AAPC，0[95% CI：-0.01至0.01]）。从全球来看，2019 年的 YLD 为 800 万，1990 年为 540 万，过去 30 年增长幅度相当大。年龄标准化YLD率稳定（AAPC 0.01，P = 0.182），1990年为203.45/10万人，2019年为203.76/10万人。年龄标准化负担估计值在中低SDI地区最高在高 SDI 区域中最低。负担率估计值的峰值均出现在 40-44 岁年龄组中。区域年龄标准化负担估计值南亚最高，撒哈拉以南非洲西部最低。国家年龄标准化负担估计值巴基斯坦最高，尼日尔最低。限制和注意原因 结果的准确性取决于 GBD 2019 数据的质量和数量。幸运的是，GBD研究努力在全球范围内检索数据，并应用多种模型来优化数据的完整性、准确性和可靠性。此外，GBD研究以国家为基本单位，忽视了种族的影响。需要进一步研究来比较与种族相关的经前综合症负担的差异。最后，目前还没有与经前综合症相关的病因学和风险信息的数据，这可能有助于我们更好地了解经前综合症的趋势和年龄分布，并帮助地方政府制定更详细的政策和综合干预措施。研究结果的更广泛影响 尽管年龄标准化患病率/YLD 率在过去 30 年中一直保持稳定，但从 1990 年到 2019 年，全球患病率和 YLD 的绝对数量显着增长。应实施公共卫生相关政策，以减少流行并缓解经前综合症的症状。生活方式的改变和认知行为治疗对于帮助减轻经前综合症的负担至关重要。研究经费/竞争利益本研究得到了国家重点研发计划（批准号2022YFC2704100）和国家自然科学基金（No.82001498、No.82371648）的支持。作者宣称没有利益冲突。试用注册号 不适用。