The success of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in treating COVID-19 promotes further research of mRNA vaccines for cancer vaccination. Aiming at overcoming the constraints of currently available mRNA carriers, various alternative nano-vectors have been developed for delivering tumor antigen encoding mRNA and showed versatility to induce potent anti-tumor immunity. The rationally designed nano-vaccines increase the immune activation capacity of the mRNA vaccines by promoting crucial aspects including mRNA stability, cellular uptake, endosomal escape and targeting of immune cells or organs. Herein, we summarized the research progress of various mRNA based nano-vaccines that have been reported for cancer vaccination, including LNPs, lipid enveloped hybrid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles etc. Several strategies that have been reported for further enhancing the immune stimulation efficacy of mRNA nano-vaccines, including developing nano-vaccines for co-delivering adjuvants, combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors, and optimizing the injection routes for boosting immune responses, have been reviewed. The progress of mRNA nano-vaccines in clinical trials and the prospect of the mRNA vaccines for cancer vaccination are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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mRNA 癌症疫苗递送系统的新进展

脂质纳米颗粒 (LNP) 在治疗 COVID-19 方面的成功促进了用于癌症疫苗接种的 mRNA 疫苗的进一步研究。为了克服目前可用的 mRNA 载体的限制，人们开发了各种替代纳米载体来传递编码 mRNA 的肿瘤抗原，并显示出诱导有效抗肿瘤免疫的多功能性。合理设计的纳米疫苗通过促进mRNA稳定性、细胞摄取、内体逃逸和免疫细胞或器官靶向等关键方面来提高mRNA疫苗的免疫激活能力。在此，我们总结了已报道的用于癌症疫苗接种的各种基于mRNA的纳米疫苗的研究进展，包括LNP、脂质包膜杂化纳米粒子、聚合物纳米粒子等。已报道的进一步增强mRNA纳米免疫刺激功效的几种策略-对疫苗进行了审查，包括开发用于共同递送佐剂的纳米疫苗、免疫检查点抑制剂的组合以及优化注射途径以增强免疫反应。还讨论了mRNA纳米疫苗的临床试验进展以及mRNA疫苗用于癌症疫苗接种的前景。