In an era of rising global population and urbanisation, understanding demographic shifts and CO emissions dynamics has become crucial for achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 13. This study employs robust econometric procedures to investigate population-related factors influencing CO emissions across countries with varying income levels from 1993Q1 to 2018Q4. Our empirical findings reveal several vital insights. First, urbanisation positively impacts CO emissions across income groups. Second, unemployment tends to decrease CO emissions in most income groups, except for lower-income countries, with negligible effect. Besides, an ageing population drives CO emissions in upper-middle and lower-middle-income nations but constrains emissions in high-income countries. Population density impedes CO emissions in high and lower-middle-income countries but enhances them in lower-income nations. Life expectancy negatively influences CO emissions in high and upper-middle-income countries but positively affects emissions in lower-middle-income nations. Finally, causality tests reveal bidirectional relationships between CO emissions and determining factors such as population density, ageing population, urbanisation, life expectancy, and per capita GDP. Our findings highlight that policies promoting global ecological balance through CO emissions reduction should account for rising population-related factors.

中文翻译：

---

人口相关因素对碳排放重要吗？各国不同收入群体的经验教训

在全球人口和城市化不断增长的时代，了解人口变化和二氧化碳排放动态对于实现可持续发展目标 (SDG) 目标 13 至关重要。本研究采用稳健的计量经济学程序来调查影响各国二氧化碳排放的人口相关因素。 1993 年第一季度至 2018 年第四季度的收入水平有所不同。我们的实证研究结果揭示了一些重要的见解。首先，城市化对各个收入群体的二氧化碳排放产生积极影响。其次，失业往往会减少大多数收入群体的二氧化碳排放量（低收入国家除外），但影响可以忽略不计。此外，人口老龄化推动了中高收入和中低收入国家的二氧化碳排放，但限制了高收入国家的排放。人口密度会阻碍高收入和中低收入国家的二氧化碳排放，但会增加低收入国家的二氧化碳排放。预期寿命对高收入和中高收入国家的二氧化碳排放产生负面影响，但对中低收入国家的二氧化碳排放产生积极影响。最后，因果关系检验揭示了二氧化碳排放与人口密度、人口老龄化、城市化、预期寿命和人均GDP等决定因素之间的双向关系。我们的研究结果强调，通过减少二氧化碳排放促进全球生态平衡的政策应考虑到与人口有关的因素。