Sebaceous glands (SGs), as holocrine-secreting appendages, lubricate the skin and play a central role in the skin barrier. Large full-thickness skin defects cause overall architecture disruption and SG loss. However, an effective strategy for SG regeneration is lacking. Organoids are 3D multicellular structures that replicate key anatomical and functional characteristics of in vivo tissues and exhibit great potential in regenerative medicine. Recently, considerable progress has been made in developing reliable procedures for SG organoids and existing SG organoids recapitulate the main morphological, structural and functional features of their in vivo counterparts. Engineering approaches empower researchers to manipulate cell behaviors, the surrounding environment and cell–environment crosstalk within the culture system as needed. These techniques can be applied to the SG organoid culture system to generate functionally more competent SG organoids. This review aims to provide an overview of recent advancements in SG organoid engineering. It highlights some potential strategies for SG organoid functionalization that are promising to forge a platform for engineering vascularized, innervated, immune-interactive and lipogenic SG organoids. We anticipate that this review will not only contribute to improving our understanding of SG biology and regeneration but also facilitate the transition of the SG organoid from laboratory research to a feasible clinical application.

中文翻译：

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皮脂腺类器官工程

皮脂腺（SG）作为全分泌腺的附属物，润滑皮肤并在皮肤屏障中发挥核心作用。大的全层皮肤缺陷会导致整体结构破坏和 SG 损失。然而，缺乏有效的 SG 再生策略。类器官是 3D 多细胞结构，可复制体内组织的关键解剖和功能特征，在再生医学中展现出巨大的潜力。最近，在开发 SG 类器官的可靠程序方面取得了相当大的进展，现有的 SG 类器官概括了其体内对应物的主要形态、结构和功能特征。工程方法使研究人员能够根据需要操纵细胞行为、周围环境以及培养系统内的细胞与环境的串扰。这些技术可应用于 SG 类器官培养系统，以生成功能更强大的 SG 类器官。本综述旨在概述 SG 类器官工程的最新进展。它强调了 SG 类器官功能化的一些潜在策略，这些策略有望打造一个用于工程血管化、神经支配、免疫交互和脂肪生成 SG 类器官的平台。我们预计这次综述不仅将有助于提高我们对 SG 生物学和再生的理解，而且还将促进 SG 类器官从实验室研究向可行的临床应用的转变。