Pairwise interactions between species can be modified by other community members, leading to emergent dynamics contingent on community composition. Despite the prevalence of such higher‐order interactions, little is known about how they are linked to the timing and order of species' arrival. We generate population dynamics from a mechanistic plant–soil feedback model, then apply a general theoretical framework to show that the modification of a pairwise interaction by a third plant depends on its germination phenology. These time‐dependent interaction modifications emerge from concurrent changes in plant and microbe populations and are strengthened by higher overlap between plants' associated microbiomes. The interaction between this overlap and the specificity of microbiomes further determines plant coexistence. Our framework is widely applicable to mechanisms in other systems from which similar time‐dependent interaction modifications can emerge, highlighting the need to integrate temporal shifts of species interactions to predict the emergent dynamics of natural communities.

中文翻译：

---

植物-土壤反馈产生的时间依赖性相互作用改变

物种之间的成对相互作用可以被其他群落成员改变，从而导致取决于群落组成的新兴动态。尽管这种高阶相互作用很普遍，但人们对它们与物种到达的时间和顺序之间的关系知之甚少。我们从机械植物-土壤反馈模型中生成种群动态，然后应用通用理论框架来表明第三种植物对成对相互作用的修改取决于其发芽物候学。这些时间依赖性相互作用的改变源于植物和微生物种群的同时变化，并通过植物相关微生物组之间更高的重叠而得到加强。这种重叠与微生物组特异性之间的相互作用进一步决定了植物的共存。我们的框架广泛适用于其他系统中的机制，从这些系统中可以出现类似的时间依赖性相互作用修改，强调需要整合物种相互作用的时间变化来预测自然群落的新兴动态。