Due to its widespread applications in various fields, antibiotics are continuously released into the environment and ultimately enter the human body through diverse routes. Meanwhile, the unreasonable use of antibiotics can also lead to a series of adverse outcomes. Pregnant women and developing fetuses are more susceptible to the influence of external chemicals than adults. The evaluation of antibiotic exposure levels through questionnaire surveys or prescriptions in medical records and biomonitoring-based data shows that antibiotics are frequently prescribed and used by pregnant women around the world. Antibiotics may be transmitted from mothers to their offspring through different pathways, which then adversely affect the health of offspring. However, there has been no comprehensive review on antibiotic exposure and mother-to-child transmission in pregnant women so far. Herein, we summarized the exposure levels of antibiotics in pregnant women and fetuses, the exposure routes of antibiotics to pregnant women, and related influencing factors. In addition, we scrutinized the potential mechanisms and factors influencing the transfer of antibiotics from mother to fetus through placental transmission, and explored the adverse effects of maternal antibiotic exposure on fetal growth and development, neonatal gut microbiota, and subsequent childhood health. Given the widespread use of antibiotics and the health threats posed by their exposure, it is necessary to comprehensively track antibiotics in pregnant women and fetuses in the future, and more in-depth biological studies are needed to reveal and verify the mechanisms of mother-to-child transmission, which is crucial for accurately quantifying and evaluating fetal health status.

中文翻译：

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母婴接触抗生素：水平、母婴传播和潜在健康风险

由于其在各个领域的广泛应用，抗生素不断释放到环境中，最终通过多种途径进入人体。同时，不合理使用抗生素也会导致一系列不良后果。孕妇和发育中的胎儿比成人更容易受到外部化学物质的影响。通过问卷调查或病历中的处方以及基于生物监测的数据对抗生素暴露水平进行的评估表明，世界各地的孕妇经常开具和使用抗生素。抗生素可能通过不同途径从母亲传播给后代，从而对后代的健康产生不利影响。然而，迄今为止尚未对孕妇抗生素暴露和母婴传播进行全面审查。本文总结了孕妇及胎儿抗生素暴露水平、孕妇抗生素暴露途径及相关影响因素。此外，我们还仔细研究了影响抗生素通过胎盘从母亲转移到胎儿的潜在机制和因素，并探讨了母体抗生素暴露对胎儿生长发育、新生儿肠道微生物群以及随后的儿童健康的不利影响。鉴于抗生素的广泛使用及其暴露带来的健康威胁，未来有必要全面追踪孕妇和胎儿的抗生素使用情况，并需要更深入的生物学研究来揭示和验证母婴感染的机制。 -儿童传播，这对于准确量化和评估胎儿健康状况至关重要。