This study evaluated workers’ exposures to flame retardants, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and other brominated flame retardants (BFRs), in various industries. The study aimed to characterize OPE metabolite urinary concentrations and PBDE serum concentrations among workers from different industries, compare these concentrations between industries and the general population, and evaluate the likely route of exposure (dermal or inhalation). The results showed that workers from chemical manufacturing had significantly higher (p <0.05) urinary concentrations of OPE metabolites compared to other industries. Spray polyurethane foam workers had significantly higher (p <0.05) urinary concentrations of bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCPP) compared to other industries. Electronic scrap workers had higher serum concentrations of certain PBDE congeners compared to the general population. Correlations were observed between hand wipe samples and air samples containing specific flame-retardant parent chemicals and urinary metabolite concentrations for some industries, suggesting both dermal absorption and inhalation as primary routes of exposure for OPEs. Overall, this study provides insights into occupational exposure to flame retardants in different industries and highlights the need for further research on emerging flame retardants and exposure reduction interventions.

中文翻译：

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美国工人的有机磷酸酯和多溴二苯醚 (PBDE) 阻燃剂生物标志物以及吸入和皮肤接触协会

本研究评估了不同行业工人接触阻燃剂的情况，包括多溴二苯醚 (PBDEs)、有机磷酸酯 (OPEs) 和其他溴化阻燃剂 (BFRs)。研究旨在确定不同行业工人尿液中 OPE 代谢物浓度和血清中 PBDE 浓度的特征，比较不同行业和一般人群的浓度，并评估可能的接触途径（皮肤接触或吸入）。结果表明，化学制造业工人尿液中 OPE 代谢物浓度明显高于（p <0.05）其他行业。喷涂聚氨酯泡沫工人尿液中双（1-氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯 (BCPP) 浓度明显高于（p <0.05）其他行业。电子废料工人血清中某些 PBDE 同源物的浓度高于一般人群。在一些行业中，手巾样本和含有特定阻燃剂母体化学物质的空气样本与尿液代谢物浓度之间存在相关性，表明皮肤吸收和吸入是 OPE 的主要暴露途径。总体而言，这项研究提供了对不同行业中阻燃剂职业暴露的见解，并强调需要进一步研究新兴阻燃剂和减少暴露的干预措施。