Recent studies on water-based pyroelectric generators (PEGs), which convert thermal energy to electrical energy, have focused on different operational modes like water evaporation, water stream, and droplet sliding. However, the development of sustainable, high-powered generators and comprehensive theoretical models has been limited. In response, our research introduces a droplet-based superhydrophobic pyroelectric generator (S-DPEG), exploiting the characteristics of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-0.3PT) coated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. We analyzed power density by considering the phase transient temperature that maximizes the pyroelectric coefficient of PMN-0.3PT, testing various Weber numbers and droplet diameters within a moderate operating temperature range of 40°C to 80°C. Considering the dynamic characteristics of water droplet on superhydrophobic surfaces, we suggest a peak current model that can accurately predict the peak current within ∼15% of error. Also, the maximum power density of 54.5 μW/cm at a droplet diameter of 3.6 mm and a temperature of 80°C, a noteworthy improvement over 3 times higher than previous water-based PEGs. Our results enhance the understanding of the pyroelectric effect coupled with drop impact dynamics and outline novel strategies for designing high-performance water-based PEGs.

中文翻译：

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通过液滴撞击的高功率超疏水热释电发电机

最近对水基热释电发电机（PEG）的研究，将热能转化为电能，主要集中在不同的操作模式，如水蒸发、水流和液滴滑动。然而，可持续、高功率发电机和综合理论模型的发展受到限制。为此，我们的研究引入了一种基于液滴的超疏水热释电发生器（S-DPEG），利用了涂覆有二氧化钛纳米颗粒的铌酸镁铅-钛酸铅（PMN-0.3PT）的特性。我们通过考虑使 PMN-0.3PT 热释电系数最大化的相瞬态温度来分析功率密度，并在 40°C 至 80°C 的中等工作温度范围内测试各种韦伯数和液滴直径。考虑到超疏水表面上水滴的动态特性，我们提出了一种峰值电流模型，可以在~15%的误差内准确预测峰值电流。此外，在液滴直径为 3.6 mm、温度为 80°C 时，最大功率密度为 54.5 μW/cm，比之前的水基 PEG 提高了 3 倍以上。我们的研究结果增强了对热释电效应与跌落冲击动力学相结合的理解，并概述了设计高性能水基 PEG 的新策略。