Land use is a key driver of the ongoing biodiversity crisis and therefore also a major opportunity for its mitigation. However, appropriately considering the diversity of land-use actors and activities in conservation assessments and planning is challenging. As a result, top-down conservation policy and planning are often criticized for a lack of contextual nuance widely acknowledged to be required for effective and just conservation action. To address these challenges, we have developed a conceptually consistent, scalable land system typology and demonstrated its usefulness for the world's tropical dry woodlands. Our typology identifies key land-use actors and activities that represent typical threats to biodiversity and opportunities for conservation action. We identified land systems in a hierarchical way, with a global level allowing for broad-scale planning and comparative work. Nested within it, a regionalized level provides social-ecological specificity and context. We showcase this regionalization for five hotspots of land-use change and biodiversity loss in dry woodlands in Argentina, Bolivia, Mozambique, India, and Cambodia. Unlike other approaches to present land use, our typology accounts for the complexity of overlapping land uses. This allows, for example, assessment of how conservation measures conflict with other land uses, understanding of the social-ecological co-benefits and trade-offs of area-based conservation, mapping of threats, or targeting area-based and actor-based conservation measures. Moreover, our framework enables cross-regional learning by revealing both commonalities and social-ecological differences, as we demonstrate here for the world's tropical dry woodlands. By bridging the gap between global, top-down, and regional, bottom-up initiatives, our framework enables more contextually appropriate sustainability planning across scales and more targeted and social-ecologically nuanced interventions.

中文翻译：

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以行动者为中心、可扩展的土地系统类型，用于解决世界热带干燥林地的生物多样性丧失问题

土地利用是当前生物多样性危机的关键驱动因素，因此也是缓解危机的重要机会。然而，在保护评估和规划中适当考虑土地利用参与者和活动的多样性具有挑战性。因此，自上而下的保护政策和规划经常受到批评，因为缺乏广泛公认的有效和公正的保护行动所需的背景细微差别。为了应对这些挑战，我们开发了一种概念上一致、可扩展的土地系统类型，并证明了其对世界热带干燥林地的有用性。我们的类型确定了代表生物多样性典型威胁和保护行动机会的关键土地利用行为者和活动。我们以分层方式确定了土地系统，并在全球层面上进行了大规模规划和比较工作。嵌套在其中的区域化水平提供了社会生态特异性和背景。我们展示了阿根廷、玻利维亚、莫桑比克、印度和柬埔寨干燥林地五个土地利用变化和生物多样性丧失热点地区的区域化。与当前土地利用的其他方法不同，我们的类型学考虑了重叠土地利用的复杂性。例如，这可以评估保护措施如何与其他土地利用相冲突，了解基于区域的保护的社会生态协同效益和权衡，绘制威胁图，或针对基于区域和基于参与者的保护措施。此外，我们的框架通过揭示共性和社会生态差异来实现跨区域学习，正如我们在这里为世界热带干燥林地所展示的那样。通过弥合全球、自上而下和区域、自下而上举措之间的差距，我们的框架能够实现更切合实际的跨规模可持续发展规划以及更具针对性和社会生态细致入微的干预措施。