Flame retardants (FRs) are added to vehicles to meet flammability standards, such as US Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard FMVSS 302. However, an understanding of which FRs are being used, sources in the vehicle, and implications for human exposure is lacking. US participants (n = 101) owning a vehicle of model year 2015 or newer hung a silicone passive sampler on their rearview mirror for 7 days. Fifty-one of 101 participants collected a foam sample from a vehicle seat. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) were the most frequently detected FR class in the passive samplers. Among these, tris(1-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) had a 99% detection frequency and was measured at levels ranging from 0.2 to 11,600 ng/g of sampler. TCIPP was also the dominant FR detected in the vehicle seat foam. Sampler FR concentrations were significantly correlated with average ambient temperature and were 2–5 times higher in the summer compared to winter. The presence of TCIPP in foam resulted in ∼4 times higher median air sampler concentrations in winter and ∼9 times higher in summer. These results suggest that FRs used in vehicle interiors, such as in seat foam, are a source of OPE exposure, which is increased in warmer temperatures.

中文翻译：

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车辆中的阻燃剂暴露受到座椅泡沫的使用和温度的影响


车辆中添加阻燃剂 (FR) 是为了满足可燃性标准，例如美国联邦机动车辆安全标准 FMVSS 302。然而，人们对所使用的阻燃剂、车辆中的来源以及对人体暴露的影响缺乏了解。拥有 2015 年或更新型号车辆的美国参与者 (n = 101) 将硅胶被动采样器挂在后视镜上 7 天。 101 名参与者中有 51 名从车辆座椅上采集了泡沫样本。有机磷酸酯 (OPE) 是被动采样器中最常检测到的 FR 类别。其中，磷酸三(1-氯异丙基)酯 (TCIPP) 的检测频率为 99%，测量浓度范围为 0.2 至 11,600 ng/g 采样器。 TCIPP 也是在车辆座椅泡沫中检测到的主要 FR。采样器 FR 浓度与平均环境温度显着相关，夏季比冬季高 2-5 倍。泡沫中 TCIPP 的存在导致冬季空气采样器中值浓度升高约 4 倍，夏季升高约 9 倍。这些结果表明，汽车内饰中使用的阻燃剂（例如座椅泡沫中使用的阻燃剂）是 OPE 暴露的一个来源，在温度较高时，OPE 暴露会增加。