Background: If a new job is located in a different region from the place of residence, individuals or households can choose between moving or commuting. However, so far mobility alternatives and their drivers remain under-researched from a comparative perspective. Objective: We investigate the determinants of the mobility choices of individuals who have taken a distant job (50 km or more), considering three options, (1) permanent migration, (2) daily commuting, (3) weekly commuting (i.e., a second residence), thereby focusing on the interplay between migration costs linked to different sources of location-specific capital (property ownership, working partner, school-age children) and transition costs linked to the distance travelled. Methods: We use longitudinal data from the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP, 2001–2019) and estimate probit regression models with Heckman correction to account for sample selection. Results: We find that a large distance to the workplace favors the decision to migrate or to commute weekly, while a high endowment with location-specific capital favors daily or weekly commuting. Weekly commuting is particularly chosen when both migration and transition costs are very high. However, parents of school-age children are more inclined to commute daily, suggesting that they are often more willing to accept high transition costs than to be separated from their family during the week. Contribution: This study is one of the first to differentiate between daily and weekly commuting in a comparative analysis of mobility determinants. It complements previous findings by relying on a precise measure of spatial distance and examining real mobility behavior instead of self-reported mobility intentions.

中文翻译：

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移民、日常通勤还是第二居所？特定地点资本和到工作场所的距离在区域流动决策中的作用（作者：Thomas Skora、Knut Petzold、Heiko Rüger）

背景：如果新工作位于与居住地不同的地区，个人或家庭可以选择搬家或通勤。然而，到目前为止，从比较的角度来看，出行替代方案及其驱动因素的研究仍然不足。目标：我们调查了从事远距离工作（50 公里或以上）的个人流动性选择的决定因素，考虑了三种选择：(1) 永久移民，(2) 每日通勤，(3) 每周通勤（即第二居所），从而重点关注与不同地点特定资本来源（财产所有权、工作伙伴、学龄儿童）相关的移民成本和与旅行距离相关的过渡成本之间的相互作用。方法：我们使用德国社会经济小组（SOEP，2001-2019）的纵向数据，并使用赫克曼校正估计概率回归模型来解释样本选择。结果：我们发现，距工作场所较远的人更有利于移民或每周通勤的决定，而具有特定地点资本的高禀赋则有利于每天或每周通勤的决定。当迁移和过渡成本非常高时，特别选择每周通勤。然而，学龄儿童的父母更倾向于每天通勤，这表明他们往往更愿意接受高昂的过渡成本，而不是在一周内与家人分离。贡献：这项研究是第一个在流动性决定因素的比较分析中区分每日和每周通勤的研究之一。它依靠对空间距离的精确测量并检查真实的移动行为而不是自我报告的移动意图，补充了之前的发现。