This investigation focussed on minimizing the Portland cement usage in developing sustainable high-performance concrete (HPC) as low-carbon concrete. High-volume ground bottom ash (GBA) was utilized as cement substitution in combination with fly ash (FA) and nano-silica (NS) for producing HPC with compressive strength of 100 MPa, and various concrete mixes were examined to assess its workability, mechanical performance, water permeability, and carbon emissions. The microstructure of the materials and pastes were also analyzed with X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP). GBA was used to replace Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) at very high levels of cement replacement, ranging from 60 to 80 % by weight of binder. As ternary binders, 10 % fly ash and 2 % nano-silica (NS) by weight of binder were also used to replace GBA. The early-age compressive strength of HPC containing high-volume GBA increased by using 2 % of NS. Incorporating 10 % of FA into HPC reduced the superplasticizer requirement, enhanced workability, and exhibited slightly lower early strength. The compressive strength of HPC containing 58 % GBA, 10 % FA, and 2 % NS could be developed at 90 days was more than 110 MPa. Moreover, the investigation indicated that employing GBA in the mix represents environmental sustainability for the development of high-performance concrete.

中文翻译：

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高掺入粉煤灰和纳米二氧化硅的可持续高性能混凝土的强度和透水性研究


这项调查的重点是在开发可持续高性能混凝土（HPC）作为低碳混凝土时最大限度地减少波特兰水泥的使用。使用大体积底灰 (GBA) 作为水泥替代品，与粉煤灰 (FA) 和纳米二氧化硅 (NS) 结合使用，生产抗压强度为 100 MPa 的 HPC，并检查了各种混凝土混合物以评估其和易性，机械性能、透水性和碳排放。还使用 X 射线衍射 (XRD)、热重分析 (TGA) 和压汞法 (MIP) 分析了材料和浆料的微观结构。 GBA 用于替代普通波特兰水泥 (OPC)，其水泥替代量非常高，按粘合剂重量计，范围为 60% 至 80%。作为三元粘合剂，还使用按粘合剂重量计 10% 的粉煤灰和 2% 的纳米二氧化硅 (NS) 来代替 GBA。使用 2% 的 NS 可以提高含有大量 GBA 的 HPC 的早期抗压强度。在 HPC 中加入 10% 的 FA 降低了高效减水剂的需求，增强了和易性，并表现出稍低的早期强度。含有 58% GBA、10% FA 和 2% NS 的 HPC 在 90 天时的抗压强度可达到 110 MPa 以上。此外，调查表明，在混合料中使用 GBA 代表了高性能混凝土开发的环境可持续性。