The connection between gastrointestinal and respiratory pathology in cystic fibrosis (CF) was first observed in 1938 in Dorothy Andersen's initial description of CF [1]. Andersen reported on the autopsy findings of 49 infants and young children with CF, which notably included near-universal evidence of pancreatic fibrosis, nutritional deficiencies and chronic respiratory infections. In the following decades, dramatic increases in life expectancy for people with CF largely resulted from therapies directed towards gastrointestinal and respiratory disease, including pancreatic enzymes, calorie and vitamin supplementation, and antibiotics. Multiple observational studies have demonstrated links between nutrition and respiratory outcomes, particularly in the first years of life. For example, higher weight- and height-for-age in infancy and toddlerhood has been associated with improved respiratory outcomes in later childhood and adolescence, including better lung function and lower rates of respiratory infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa [2, 3].

1938 年，Dorothy Andersen 对囊性纤维化 (CF) 的最初描述中首次观察到胃肠道和呼吸系统病理学与囊性纤维化 (CF) 之间的联系 [1]。 Andersen 报告了 49 名患有 CF 的婴儿和幼儿的尸检结果，其中特别包括胰腺纤维化、营养缺乏和慢性呼吸道感染的近乎普遍的证据。在接下来的几十年里，囊性纤维化患者预期寿命的大幅延长主要归功于针对胃肠道和呼吸系统疾病的治疗，包括胰酶、热量和维生素补充剂以及抗生素。多项观察性研究已经证明营养与呼吸结果之间的联系，特别是在生命的最初几年。例如，婴儿期和幼儿期较高的同龄体重和身高与儿童后期和青春期呼吸系统结果的改善有关，包括更好的肺功能和较低的铜绿假单胞菌呼吸道感染率[2, 3]。