Soft actuators, pivotal for converting external energy into mechanical motion, have become increasingly vital in a wide range of applications, from the subtle engineering of soft robotics to the demanding environments of aerospace exploration. Among these, electrochemically-driven actuators (EC actuators), are particularly distinguished by their operation through ion diffusion or intercalation-induced volume changes. These actuators feature notable advantages, including precise deformation control under electrical stimuli, freedom from Carnot efficiency limitations, and the ability to maintain their actuated state with minimal energy use, akin to the latching state in skeletal muscles. This review extensively examines EC actuators, emphasizing their classification based on diverse material types, driving mechanisms, actuator configurations, and potential applications. It aims to illuminate the complicated driving mechanisms of different categories, uncover their underlying connections, and reveal the interdependencies among materials, mechanisms, and performances. We conduct an in-depth analysis of both conventional and emerging EC actuator materials, casting a forward-looking lens on their trajectories and pinpointing areas ready for innovation and performance enhancement strategies. We also navigate through the challenges and opportunities within the field, including optimizing current materials, exploring new materials, and scaling up production processes. Overall, this review aims to provide a scientifically robust narrative that captures the current state of EC actuators and sets a trajectory for future innovation in this rapidly advancing field.

中文翻译：

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电化学驱动执行器：从材料到机构，从性能到应用

软执行器是将外部能量转化为机械运动的关键，在从软机器人的精细工程到航空航天探索的苛刻环境等广泛应用中变得越来越重要。其中，电化学驱动致动器（EC致动器）的特点是通过离子扩散或嵌入引起的体积变化进行操作。这些执行器具有显着的优点，包括电刺激下的精确变形控制、不受卡诺效率限制，以及以最少的能量消耗维持其驱动状态的能力，类似于骨骼肌的锁定状态。本综述广泛研究了 EC 执行器，强调了它们基于不同材料类型、驱动机制、执行器配置和潜在应用的分类。它旨在阐明不同类别的复杂驱动机制，揭示它们的潜在联系，并揭示材料、机制和性能之间的相互依赖关系。我们对传统和新兴的 EC 执行器材料进行深入分析，以前瞻性的视角观察其发展轨迹，并确定适合创新和性能增强策略的领域。我们还应对该领域的挑战和机遇，包括优化现有材料、探索新材料和扩大生产流程。总体而言，本次综述旨在提供科学可靠的叙述，捕捉 EC 执行器的当前状态，并为这个快速发展的领域的未来创新设定轨迹。