The reconstruction of very inclined air showers is a new challenge for next-generation radio experiments such as the AugerPrime radio upgrade, BEACON, and GRAND, which focus on the detection of ultra high energy particles. To tackle this, we study the electromagnetic particle content of very inclined air showers, which has scarcely been studied so far. Using the simulation tools CORSIKA and CoREAS, and analytical modeling, we explore the energy range of the particles that contribute most to the radio emission, quantify their lateral extent, and estimate the atmospheric depth at which the radio emission is strongest. We find that the spatial distribution of the electromagnetic component in very inclined air showers has characteristic features that could lead to clear signatures in the radio signal, and hence impact the reconstruction strategies of next-generation radio-detection experiments.

中文翻译：

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用于无线电信号建模的非常倾斜的空气簇射的颗粒含量

极倾斜空气簇射的重建对于AugerPrime无线电升级版、BEACON和GRAND等专注于超高能粒子探测的下一代无线电实验来说是一个新的挑战。为了解决这个问题，我们研究了非常倾斜的空气簇射的电磁粒子含量，迄今为止这方面的研究还很少。使用模拟工具 CORSIKA 和 CoREAS 以及分析模型，我们探索了对无线电发射贡献最大的粒子的能量范围，量化了它们的横向范围，并估计了无线电发射最强的大气深度。我们发现，非常倾斜的空气簇射中电磁分量的空间分布具有特征，可以在无线电信号中产生清晰的特征，从而影响下一代无线电探测实验​​的重建策略。